Moving to Massachusetts - Boston, Foxboro, Framingham.
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Massachusetts is a
small state in the northeastern United States that has made contributions
to the nation far greater than its size might suggest. The state, roughly
rectangular in shape, is the sixth smallest in area. It lies at the center
of New England, with Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine to the north and
Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south. New York is to the west, and
the Atlantic Ocean to the east.
The state, known legally as a commonwealth, was explored in the late 16th
and early 17th centuries and was first permanently settled at Plymouth
in 1620. One of the thirteen original states, it was the sixth to ratify
the Constitution. Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, is the de facto
capital of New England.
The name Massachusetts is thought to be of Algonquian origin and means
"near the great hill." The state has made many contributions to the nation
in its cultural growth, its political activities, and its concern for
social welfare. Like many of its neighboring states Massachusetts is working
hard to maintain progress in the face of recent economic difficulties.
LAND AND RESOURCES
Massachusetts displays a wide variety of topography within its small area,
exhibiting on a small scale the landscapes found along the Atlantic Coastal
Plain and the Appalachian mountain system. The western border of the state
lies along the crest of the Taconic Mountains. Immediately to the east
are the Berkshire Hills and the deep, narrow, north-south-trending Berkshire
Valley, eroded from soft limestones. Farther to the east is a high, rolling
plateau of ancient crystalline rocks, deeply carved by Connecticut River
tributaries.
The plateau gives way abruptly to the Connecticut River valley, which
is nearly flat and up to 16-32 km (10-20 mi) wide. Its soils--a deep reddish
brown derived from Triassic-age sandstones--are the state's most fertile.
Between the valley and the Atlantic Ocean is a hilly region of forests,
lakes, and a few low mountains. Elevations decrease from west to east.
Near the shoreline the topography displays little relief.
Southeastern Massachusetts is a low, sandy plain, interrupted by occasional
moraines and other glacial debris. Cape Cod is an extension of glacial
materials that reaches far into the open ocean. It is composed entirely
of sand and gravel; bedrock lies far below sea level. The coast of Massachusetts
varies from an occasional rocky headland, such as Cape Ann, to long sandy
beaches, most of which are made up of glacial materials. Martha's Vineyard,
Nantucket Island, and the Elizabeth Islands lie offshore to the south.
Massachusetts is underlain with Paleozoic or pre-Paleozoic rocks. Igneous
and metamorphic rocks, such as granites, gneisses, and schists, are common.
Only the major river valleys contain sedimentary rocks on a large scale.
Fossils are rare, and minerals of industrial value almost nonexistent.
Soils
Massachusetts soils are derived in large part from glacial detritus. Soils
are composed of glacial till and are thin, relatively barren of mineral
nutrients, and choked with boulders. The latter are the source of the
many stone walls found in Massachusetts. Pockets of loam were pressed
into agricultural use in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the floodplains
of the major river valleys--especially the Connecticut--are still extensively
cultivated. The soils are often alluvial, rich in nutrients, and relatively
level. In areas underlain by extensive glacial sand deposits, soils tend
to be dry and infertile.
Climate
Massachusetts has four distinct seasons, occupying a position between
eastern Canada, with its short summers and long winters, and the mid-Atlantic
and southeastern United States, with long summers and short winters. The
climate is governed in part by its position in the path of several common
storm patterns that cross the continent between 30 degrees and 50 degrees
north latitude.
A second major climatic element is the proximity of the state to the sea
and the Gulf Stream. Much of eastern Massachusetts has milder temperatures
and receives less snowfall than the central and western parts of the state.
Massachusetts has experienced many hurricanes.
Precipitation varies little from one part of the state to another, averaging
1,067 mm (42 in) annually. Snow depths vary considerably, with the western
mountains receiving 1.5 to 1.8 m (5 to 6 ft) during the winter.
Because of its coastal location Massachusetts has a narrow temperature
range. July mean temperatures range from 22 degrees C (71 degrees F) in
the west to 19 degrees C (67 degrees F) on Cape Cod. In the winter the
contrast is reversed with the coastal areas significantly warmer ( - 1
degrees C/31 degrees F) than the interior ( - 4 degrees C/24 degrees F).
Drainage
No single river dominates Massachusetts, and the two largest streams in
Massachusetts both rise outside the state. The Connecticut River rises
in New Hampshire and flows south across the state to Connecticut, providing
extensive farmland as well as waterpower sites. The Merrimack also rises
in New Hampshire, its lower course entering Massachusetts near Lowell
and passing eastward to the sea at Newburyport.
Smaller streams include the Housatonic River, which drains the southern
portion of the Berkshire Valley, and the Blackstone, Charles, Deerfield,
and Taunton rivers. Rapids and waterfalls, common along virtually all
Massachusetts waterways, provided power for colonial grist and sawmills
and later for textile factories.
Extensive tidal marshes lie between the beaches and the mainland. These
are important breeding grounds and sources of food for marine life and
waterfowl.
The largest body of water in Massachusetts is Quabbin Reservoir. This
lake provides fresh water to the residents of greater Boston, 105 km (65
mi) to the east.
Vegetation and Animal Life
The vegetation in Massachusetts is diversified, containing both the deciduous
forests of oak, hickory, and maple common to the south in Connecticut,
as well as the coniferous forests of pine, spruce, hemlock, and balsam
fir found to the north. Much of the land was cleared for agriculture in
colonial days, only to be abandoned after the settlement of the Middle
West. Such abandoned farmland has since returned to forest.
Most indigenous wildlife has long since been driven away by human settlement
or diminished by three centuries of hunting. Small mammals such as fox,
rabbits, raccoons, skunks, and squirrels are abundant, but bear and bobcat
are increasingly rare. Deer are found throughout the state, and beaver
recently have been reintroduced. Birds--both terrestrial and waterfowl--are
common.
Resources
Massachusetts has few endemic resources. In colonial days small quantities
of iron, silver, copper, and other metals were extracted and smelted.
Charcoal was produced from the abundant hardwood forests, and waterpower
sites for mills and forges were abundant.
In the past century, however, no petroleum or natural gas and little coal
have been found in Massachusetts. Granite, lime, sandstone, and sand and
gravel have become the state's dominant mineral resources.
Environmental Protection
Massachusetts has pioneered in environmental protection. It was one of
the first states to enact laws protecting songbirds and other forms of
wildlife, coastal tidal marshes, and interior wetlands. Statutes were
enacted long ago to preserve shade trees bordering country roads. Later,
large tracts of land were set aside as wildlife refuges by the state and
federal governments.
PEOPLE
At the end of the American Revolution, Massachusetts was the fourth-largest
state in population. By 1990 it ranked thirteenth. The population is concentrated
today in the eastern part of the state, particularly in metropolitan Boston.
More than 60 percent of the residents live in towns and cities with populations
exceeding 25,000. The population grew nearly 5 percent from 1980 to 1990.
Lowell, Springfield, and Worcester have populations of more than 100,000,
and the Boston metropolitan area has more than 2.8 million residents.
Population Composition
In its first 200 years the population of Massachusetts was virtually pure
English in composition, with only an occasional free black or French refugee.
In the early 19th century large numbers of Irish came to the state, primarily
to Boston. Later, southern Europeans, particularly Italians, arrived in
Boston along with large numbers of Polish and Russian Jews, Portuguese,
and French- and some English-speaking Canadians.
After World War II, Boston attracted increasing numbers of blacks, most
of whom live in the greater Boston area. In recent years, Massachusetts
has experienced a steady influx of Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Caribbean
nationals. Asian immigrants, including Chinese, Vietnamese, and Cambodians,
represent the fastest-growing component of the population, while the number
of Mexican-Americans remains small.
Roman Catholics form the largest religious group. Membership in the United
Church of Christ and the Episcopal church is also significant.
Education
Massachusetts has been a pioneer in education. Nearly every form of education
currently in use in the United States was conceived of and implemented
there. The first public secondary school, Boston Latin School, was founded
in 1635 and the first college, Harvard, in the following year. The first
vocational school was opened in 1821 and the first high school for girls
in 1826. As early as 1642 laws were enacted to establish schools in cities
and towns and to require compulsory education.
While public education at the elementary and secondary level enjoyed strong
support, higher public education languished, due in part to the many private
institutions in the state. Since 1950, however, the state has begun a
major program to expand and upgrade the state university and state colleges
and to establish a statewide system of community colleges (see Massachusetts,
state universities and colleges of). Higher education programs--both public
and private--are furnished to more students on a per capita basis than
in any other state except California. Among the leading private institutions
of higher education in Massachusetts are Amherst College, Boston College,
Boston University, Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Smith College, Tufts University, Wellesley College, and Williams
College.
Culture
Massachusetts has benefited from several factors in building its strong
base for the arts. Cultural institutions were established early in its
history, and they have received continuous nourishment from a growing
number of philanthropists.
Music has long been important in the state. The Handel and Haydn Society
of Boston, founded in 1815, continues to perform. The Boston Symphony
Orchestra is one of the finest in the country, and its associated Boston
Pops Orchestra draws large crowds to summer concerts. The Berkshire Music
Festival (now officially Tanglewood), at Lenox, offers both instruction
in music and performances for the public. The New England Conservatory
of Music is located in Boston.
The colonial society of Massachusetts supported such painters as Gilbert
Stuart and John Singleton Copley and artisans like Paul Revere. Many fine
examples of their work are contained in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
Other museums include the Gardner Museum, the Peabody Museum of Archaeology
and Ethnology in Cambridge, the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute
in Williamstown, and the Worcester Art Museum.
Historical Sites
The state's 350 years of continuous settlement have left Massachusetts
with many historical houses, forts, factories, and battlegrounds. Remnants
of earlier transportation systems include the nation's first railroad,
primitive canals, and extensive early turnpikes. Entire villages have
been re-created with scrupulous care.
Boston's historic sites are linked by a Freedom Trail, supervised by the
National Park Service. Along the trail are the Old North Church, Paul
Revere's house, Faneuil Hall, and the Old State House. A Black Heritage
Trail and a Women's History Trail recently have been established. The
early Plymouth settlement is memorialized by several monuments and a re-creation
of the original primitive settlement.
The battle areas associated with Lexington and Concord have been designated
a National Historic Park. Many cities and towns have established historic
districts. Several private organizations such as the Society for the Preservation
of New England Antiquities serve as caretakers of important historic buildings.
Homes of famous authors open to the public include those of Herman Melville,
Louisa May Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and John
Greenleaf Whittier. The site of the Walden Pond cabin where Henry David
Thoreau lived has been found and excavated.
Recreation and Sports
Massachusetts has three major recreation seasons. In the summer many residents
and tourists enjoy the state's sandy beaches, particularly in the Cape
Cod National Seashore. In the interior many lakes and ponds provide water
recreation. Extensive hiking trails, some a part of the Appalachian Trail,
are open to all, and state parks and state forests are available for public
enjoyment.
Winter activities include skiing, skating, and tobogganing. Autumn travelers
can view spectacular foliage from marked highway trails. The state supports
many sports organizations, including the New England Patriots and the
Boston Bruins, Celtics, and Red Sox.
Communications
Massachusetts is well served by all forms of modern communications. Nearly
every city has its own daily newspaper, and weekly papers serve small
towns and rural areas. The internationally distributed Christian Science
Monitor is headquartered in Boston. Boston supports nine television stations,
including the nationally recognized WGBH (a public station), and 52 radio
stations.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Manufacturing
Until recently Massachusetts had more workers in manufacturing than in
any other economic sector. An early start was given to manufacturing in
Massachusetts by its numerous grist and saw mills and by its artisans
and cottage industries. By the time of the American Revolution nearly
every town produced leather and textile goods, metalware, and furniture.
The Industrial Revolution came early to Massachusetts, and the first half
of the 19th century saw the flowering of nearly all of its present manufacturing
cities. Textile weaving was the most important industry, followed by shoe
manufacturing.
During the 20th century most of these low-value consumer goods industries
have moved elsewhere and have been replaced by industries of higher value
such as electronics. Several major computer manufacturers are located
in the state.
Energy
Massachusetts uses hydropower for only a small share of its electricity.
Petroleum and natural gas provide the bulk of the state's power. There
is one nuclear power plant located in Plymouth.
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
Massachusetts is not a major agricultural state. Dairying is a primary
source of farm income along with poultry raising. Many farms now grow
specialty crops such as cranberries, apples, tobacco, and vegetables.
Forest-related industries are negligible. Small quantities of hardwoods
are cut for furniture and firewood, and there is some production of white
pine lumber.
Fishing has long been an important economic activity in Massachusetts;
Gloucester, New Bedford, and Boston are its major ports. In recent years
Massachusetts has ranked highest among the New England states in the value
of its commercial catch. Cod and lobster are among the major species caught.
Tourism
Tourism has grown in economic importance in Massachusetts since World
War II. The state offers both a rich history and recreational opportunities.
Many cities and towns have historic sites and exhibits for tourists.
Transportation and Trade
Transportation in Massachusetts relies heavily upon the automobile and
truck. The state has an excellent highway network, including long stretches
of the Interstate Highway System.
Many modern airports serve the state, and Boston ranks high in both the
nation and the world in annual air passenger traffic. It is also an important
shipping center.
The state's once-fine railroad network has been radically reduced, but
both Amtrak and Conrail have service within the state.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
The constitution of Massachusetts was adopted in 1780. As amended, it
provides for a governor and lieutenant governor who serve 4-year terms.
Also elected for 4-year terms are the secretary of state, attorney general,
treasurer, and auditor. The governor appoints a cabinet of 10 secretaries.
The legislature is known as the General Court and consists of the 40-member
Senate and the 160-member House of Representatives. Legislators are elected
to 2-year terms.
The highest court in Massachusetts is the Supreme Judicial Court. A hierarchy
of trial courts operates within the county structure. The 14 county administrative
bodies in Massachusetts are relatively weak, with powers limited to managing
the court system, operating various correctional institutions, and overseeing,
in part, highway construction and health services. Most of the counties
are run by elected commissioners.
The state has 351 cities and towns. No contrast exists between incorporated
or unincorporated areas as elsewhere in the country. Cities are usually
governed by a mayor and a board of aldermen or city councillors. Towns,
run by selectmen, hold many of the powers vested in counties elsewhere.
Operating funds come largely from real estate taxes. These, however, were
significantly reduced in some areas by a property tax reduction law, dubbed
"Proposition 2 1/2," that was approved by the state's voters in 1980.
Massachusetts has pioneered in regionalizing such public services as water
supply, sewerage and solid waste disposal, and certain transportation
activities, including mass transit in metropolitan Boston.
A stronghold of the Democratic party, the state has 10 legislators in
the U.S. House of Representatives, the great majority of whom are Democrats.
The state legislature is also largely composed of members of that party.
Since 1900, however, Republicans--including Calvin Coolidge--have served
as governor more often than Democrats.
HISTORY
Four themes dominate the history of this small but influential state:
the importance of individual and personal freedom and liberty, mercantile
activity and entrepreneurship, inventiveness and industrial genius, and
pioneering social action.
The pre-European population of Massachusetts was a small number of relatively
independent native American tribes. In the late 16th century, European
ships explored the New England coast, led by Giovanni da Verrazano in
1524 and Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602. Their explorations were based in
part upon the information of Europeans on fishing voyages who had reached
North America during the 16th century.
The Colonial Period
Interest in the commercial exploitation of New England grew in Europe,
especially in England. The first permanent settlers in Massachusetts,
however, were not fortune hunters but the religious group known as the
Pilgrims, whose first landfall was Cape Cod rather than their original
Virginia destination. In December 1620 they landed at Plymouth, where
they established a colony according to terms drawn up in the Mayflower
Compact before debarking (see Mayflower; Plymouth Colony).
The Pilgrims were soon followed by other English settlers. The Dorchester
Company founded a colony at Gloucester (1623) on Cape Ann and, after Gloucester's
failure, at Naumkeag (Salem, 1626). In 1628 a party of Puritans led by
John Endecott settled at Salem under the auspices of the New England Company.
The following year the Massachusetts Bay Company was chartered as a successor
to the New England Company; its first large group of Puritan settlers
arrived in 1630 under the leadership of John Winthrop (see Winthrop family).
Winthrop established Boston as the capital of the colony and, together
with cleric John Cotton, dominated its affairs for the next two decades.
Puritanism was the overriding religiopolitical force in the Bay Colony,
whose leaders sought to establish a Bible commonwealth. Citizenship (called
freemanship) was restricted (until 1664) to church members. Religious
dissenters, most notably Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams, were banished
from the colony. Within the framework of religious restriction, however,
the colony early developed representative institutions. In 1632 the freemen
gained the right to elect the governor directly, and in 1634 the freemen
of each town won the right to send deputies to the General Court.
Throughout this early period new immigrants arrived, settling along the
coast and a short distance inland. Farming, lumbering, and fishing were
the principal occupations. Movement into the interior brought conflict
with the Indians, as in the Pequot War (1637). In 1643 the Bay Colony
formed the New England Confederation with Plymouth, Connecticut, and New
Haven colonies to coordinate defense. The confederation acted most effectively
during King Philip's War (1675-76).
Continual disagreements arose between the colonists and the English government,
especially after the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660. Finally,
in 1684, the colony's charter was revoked, and in 1686 the Massachusetts
Bay and Plymouth colonies were included in the Dominion of New England
under Sir Edmund Andros. News of the Glorious Revolution in England prompted
uprisings against Andros and the dissolution of the Dominion in 1689.
Two years later a royal charter was issued that incorporated Plymouth
Colony and the Province of Maine within Massachusetts but placed the extended
colony under a royal governor and removed the religious qualification
for voting. The authority of the Puritan clergy, already much weakened,
was further diminished as a result of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692.
The clergy, notably Increase and Cotton Mather (see Mather, Family ),
were blamed for fanning the hysteria that led to the execution of 20 people.
Massachusetts experienced accelerated growth in the early 18th century;
settlements arose in the interior, and the Connecticut Valley was settled.
Mills were built along the smaller rivers and streams to grind grain,
saw logs, forge iron, and process wool. Seaport towns grew and prospered
as a lucrative overseas trade flourished. Ships carried timber and salt
fish to the Caribbean and returned with molasses and sugar. Rum, distilled
in Medford and Newburyport, was carried to West Africa along with cloth
and simple utensils to be traded for slaves who were, in turn, carried
to the Caribbean Islands and South America. These routes came to be known
as the "Triangular Trade." Rich shipowners and sea captains competed to
build the grandest houses along the shore.
From the Revolution to the Civil War
The various taxes put forth by the British after 1730 for replenishment
of the British treasury were unpopular in thriving Massachusetts. The
so-called Molasses Act, Sugar Act, and Stamp Act, followed by the Townshend
Acts, stimulated colonial opposition that led to the Boston Massacre of
1770 and the Boston Tea Party in 1773. The British closed the port of
Boston, and two years later, a search-and-destroy mission by British troops
precipitated the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
Massachusetts was briefly the focus of attention at the start of the American
Revolution. In June 1775 the Battle of Bunker Hill proved to be a costly
victory for the British. In 1776 they evacuated Boston, and fighting ended
on Massachusetts soil.
Massachusetts patriots, including John Adams, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock,
were leaders in the Revolution, and the state continued to provide leadership
for the young American republic. Massachusetts had regained its economic
momentum when the embargoes and trade restrictions of the early 19th century
again curbed overseas trade. General opposition to the War Of 1812 brought
on talk of secession at the Hartford Convention (1814-15). The war finally
ended with minimal help from Massachusetts, however, and economic growth
again accelerated.
The decades before the Civil War were prosperous ones. Farming spread
into the farthest valleys of the Berkshires, often into areas ill suited
to cultivation. Canals, toll roads, and railroads were built connecting
all of the principal cities. Factories were built along the rivers. The
textile industry, which was to dominate the state's economy for the next
century, gained its initial momentum under capitalists like Francis Cabot
Lowell. Workers were first recruited from local farms and villages, but
in the mid-1840s the first non-English immigrants, the Irish, arrived.
The long British cultural hegemony was over.
The mill cities grew rapidly, sometimes doubling their population in less
than a decade. As waterpower sites proved inadequate for large-scale factory
expansion, steam engines powered by coal were used. Nevertheless, mill
workers expressed growing discontent over working conditions.
The Civil War was entered with great enthusiasm, especially because Massachusetts
had a long history of abolitionist sentiment. The state was a major arsenal
for the war, with guns, blankets, tents, and shoes produced in vast quantities.
Economic Change
The late 19th century was the state's greatest industrial period. Massachusetts
was a national leader in the production not only of textiles and shoes
but also of textile and shoemaking machinery, silverware, machine tools,
glass, paper, rubber products, locomotives, guns, and fire engines. From
1900 to 1910, however, many factories, which had become increasingly obsolescent,
closed. Textile companies established new mills and new corporate headquarters
in the southern states. The tenements of the mill cities were aging and
unable to meet the most modest health and building standards.
Service industries, however, were beginning to assume a new role in the
Massachusetts economy. Banking and insurance, important in the era of
industrial expansion and transportation growth, reached out for new markets
in the West. Retailing and wholesaling expanded to serve the new urban
populations. Many office and clerical jobs were created in cities like
Boston, Worcester, and Springfield.
The Depression of the 1930s was especially severe in those communities
already hard hit by the closing of textile and shoe factories. World War
II temporarily reversed this trend as the state became a leading producer
of war materiel. The traditional industries of shipbuilding and machinery
were greatly expanded, along with local development of new products such
as radar, sonar, and jet engines.
In the post-World War II era Massachusetts has played a national leadership
role in social and political activities. The presidency of John F. Kennedy
recalled the long political tradition of the state. Agriculture and fishing
are in decline, but beginning in the 1950s, Massachusetts's economy generally
has been revitalized, with electronics, nonelectrical machinery, and computer-oriented
industries stimulating growth. Service industries have continued to expand,
especially in the areas of banking, insurance, health care, and higher
education. The 1990s have found Massachusetts coping with substantial
job losses in its manufacturing sector, especially in its important electronics
industry. The principal problems facing the state, however, lie in its
urban areas, where the incidence of violent crime, the distribution and
use of illegal drugs, and the general deterioration of social services
are on the increase.
George K. Lewis
Bibliography:
DESCRIPTION: Bearse, Ray, ed., Massachusetts: A Guide to the Pilgrim State,
2d ed. (1971); Howe, Henry F., Massachusetts: There She Is, Behold Her
(1960); Tree, Christina, The Other Massachusetts (1987); Whitehill, Walter
M., Massachusetts: From the Berkshires to the Cape (1977); Wilkie, Richard
W., and Tager, Jack, eds., Historical Atlas of Massachusetts (1991).
HISTORY: Adams, Brooks, The Emancipation of Massachusetts rev. ed. (1919;
repr. 1962); Adams, James T., The Founding of New England rev. ed. (1962);
Bradford, William, Of Plymouth Plantation: 1620-1647 ed. by Samuel E.
Morison (1952); Brooks, Van Wyck, The Flowering of New England (1936);
Brown, Richard D., Massachusetts: A Bicentennial History (1978); Bushman,
Richard L., King and People in Provincial Massachusetts (1985); Caffrey,
Kate, The Mayflower (1974); Clark, C., The Roots of Rural Capitalism (1990);
Hart, Albert B., ed., Commonwealth History of Massachusetts, 5 vols. (1927-1930;
repr. 1966); Miller, Perry, The New England Mind (1953; repr. 1983); Morison,
Samuel Eliot, The Builders of the Bay Colony (1930; repr. 1982) and The
Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783-1860, rev. ed. (1961); Pestana,
C. G., Quakers and Baptists in Colonial Massachusetts (1991).
ECONOMICS, POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT: Fosler, R. Scott, The New Economic
Role of American States (1987); Levitan, Donald, and Mariner, Elwyn E.,
Your Massachusetts Government 10th ed. (1984); Michels, G., ed., Governments
of Massachusetts 1990 (1990).
(c) 1996 Grolier, Inc.
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