Moving to Ohio - Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus, Akron,
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Ohio contains the edge of the Appalachian Mountains in
the east and plains in the west. It is bordered by Indiana on the west,
Michigan and Lake Erie on the north, and Pennsylvania and West Virginia
on the east. The Ohio River follows the state's southern border with West
Virginia and Kentucky. Almost equidistant in its north-south and east-west
dimensions, Ohio has an area of 116,103 sq km (44,828 sq mi).
Because of its advantageous alignment with Lake Erie and the Ohio River
and its general accessibility, Ohio early in its history assumed its corridor
function, channeling people and goods west or east and north or south.
The Ohio Country became the first destination for settlers and pioneers
on their way farther into the interior. In 1803, Ohio became the 17th
state to join the Union and the first to be admitted from the Northwest
Territory--a reflection of the area's rapid population growth in what
became the first territory of the United States. Its name is derived from
an Iroquois word meaning "beautiful."
LAND AND RESOURCES
Ohio shares parts of two major physical provinces of the continental United
States--the Appalachian Plateau and the Central Lowland. The boundary
between these regions cuts the state in two along a northeast-southwest
line extending from southwest of Cleveland to the Ohio River in Adams
County. The two regions are distinguished by their relief and elevation,
with higher, more rugged land in the plateau areas and less elevated,
level terrain in the lowland province.
Continental glaciation and stream erosion were the primary agents in the
formation of the state's topography. The effects of glaciation further
divided the two major regions into five physiographic regions: the northern
lake plain, the western till plain, the glaciated plateau, the unglaciated
plateau, and the Lexington plain.
The lake plain encompasses the northernmost part of Ohio. It is as narrow
as 8 km (5 mi) in the east, but widens to ten times that distance toward
the Indiana border. In the eastern plateau section, the land becomes increasingly
hilly. The glaciated plateau occupies the northeastern part of the state,
while relatively high relief adjacent to the Ohio River characterizes
the unglaciated plateau to the southeast. In this southern plateau region,
local relief may be as high as 210 m (700 ft). The western till plain
corresponds with the Central Lowland and is essentially of low relief
and elevation except for Mount Campbell, an erosional remnant that has
undergone slow uplift. The latter's elevation of 472 m (1,550 ft) is the
highest in Ohio. The Lexington plain is a small northward extension into
southwest Ohio of residual limestone soils of Kentucky's Bluegrass Basin.
Ohio's geology is relatively simple. Bedrock consists of basically undisturbed
Paleozoic sediments. Because the rock layers dip slightly toward the east,
the older Paleozoic formations are nearer the surface in western Ohio,
while younger strata are found in the east. In western Ohio limestone
and dolomite are widespread. Toward the east sandstones and shales are
more prevalent.
Soils
Soils in Ohio have developed largely on transported glacial materials.
Only in the unglaciated portion of southeastern Ohio can old, residual
soils developed from bedrock be found. Soil thicknesses vary considerably
but are greater in the glaciated areas. The residual soils of southeastern
Ohio are thin, leached, and acidic, with low productivity.
Drainage
An important physical boundary is the drainage divide separating those
rivers flowing into Lake Erie from those running toward the Ohio River.
The divide extends northeast from Darke County along the Indiana border
to Ashtabula near the Pennsylvania border.
Only 29 percent of Ohio's waterways drain into Lake Erie. Except for the
Maumee-Auglaize system in northwestern Ohio, streams are short, lack well-developed
tributaries, are spaced closely, and run parallel to each other. Among
them are the Portage, Sandusky, Huron, Vermillion, Black, Cuyahoga, and
Grand rivers. The southern--or Ohio River--drainage region contains major
streams and their drainage basins. The largest is the Muskingum River
watershed, followed by the Scioto and the Miami. Other streams draining
into the Ohio include the Little Miami, Raccoon, Hocking, and Mahoning
rivers. In total, Ohio has 3,300 named streams with a combined length
of 70,800 km (44,000 mi). Because there is little structural control on
drainage, most stream systems form a dendritic pattern. While surface
water provides the primary water source, groundwater conditions are ideal
because of underground preglacial stream valleys. These aquifers constitute
a perennial water reservoir.
Climate
Except for a small area along the Ohio River, a humid continental climate
dominates the state. Large seasonal temperature changes are common, with
January temperatures averaging below 0 degrees C (32 degrees F) and July
temperature averages exceeding 24 degrees C (75 degrees F). Precipitation
occurs year-round and averages between 762 mm (30 in) and 1,016 mm (40
in). Slightly higher precipitation falls during the summer, and autumns
are relatively dry.
Ohio's climate reflects its mid-latitude and eastern location. Cyclonic
systems in the westerly wind belt create variability in weather. More
localized factors affecting climate are Lake Erie and the eastern hill
and valley topography. In spring proximity to the lake prevents late freeze-outs,
thereby benefiting the area's vegetable and fruit production. In winter
it results in heavier snowfall over northeastern Ohio. The Appalachian
foothills have an important local climatic effect, creating frequent temperature
inversions. This condition results in frosts in late spring and early
fall and an overall shorter growing season. A more serious effect is the
trapping of pollutants in highly industrialized portions of the upper
Ohio River valley.
Vegetation and Animal Life
Pre-Columbian vegetation in Ohio was composed of mixed deciduous forests
that virtually covered the state. Unique vegetational areas included the
swamp forest (Black Swamp) of the northwestern lake plain, and scattered
prairie grasslands in the west central part. Settlement and intensive
land use have totally altered these vegetational habitats. Today approximately
24 percent of Ohio is forestland, in varying stages of regrowth. The unglaciated
plateau portion of the state remains the most important forest region.
Ohio's well-watered, temperate environment supports a highly varied fauna
so that recreational hunting and fishing are significant. The division
of wildlife of the department of natural resources oversees some 250 public
fishing and hunting areas. Ohio's principal game fish is black bass followed
by walleyed pike, Ohio muskellunge, white bass, perch, saugers, bluegills,
rock bass, and channel catfish. Indigenous animals include the cottontail
rabbit, white-tailed deer, quail, ruffed grouse, gray squirrel, and wild
turkey. A few black bears can still be found. In western Ohio the ring-necked
pheasant and Hungarian partridge have been introduced. Wild ducks inhabit
the marshes along Lake Erie. The wide distribution of raccoon, muskrat,
mink, opossums, and weasels allows continued trapping in rural areas.
Resources
Ohio's importance in natural resources is derived from its longtime production
of coal. Coal resources are restricted to the east, ranging from Geauga
County in the north to Lawrence County in the south. Other nonmetallic
minerals and mineral fuels include limestone, sand and gravel, clay, salt,
sandstone, natural gas and petroleum, shale, gypsum, and peat.
Among other natural resources water ranks high in Ohio. The state is one
of the nation's largest users of water. Ohio's lakes and streams are critical,
for 95 percent of the water consumed comes from surface supplies. Included
in this resource are Lake Erie, 28 sq km (11 sq mi) of natural lakes,
417 sq km (161 sq mi) of impounded water, and about 70,800 km (44,000
mi) of streams.
PEOPLE
Ohio's heterogeneous population includes the descendants of settlers from
the colonial period as well as more recent European immigrants, chiefly
German and Irish. Industrialization and urbanization encouraged the immigration
of eastern and southern Europeans and increasingly large numbers of blacks.
Population growth in Ohio has slowed dramatically as the combined result
of lower birthrates and out -migration. From 1980 to 1990 nearly half
of Ohio's counties lost population. Although about 80 percent of the population
reside in the metropolitan areas, many of the metropolitan residents live
outside the central cities. The largest urban centers in the state, all
with populations exceeding 95,000, are Akron, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus
(the capital), Dayton, Toledo, and Youngstown. Because most of Ohio's
major cities have relatively fixed political boundaries, rapid suburbanization
has produced consistent declines in city populations. All seven large
cities, with the exception of Columbus, lost population after 1970.
As an urban industrial state, Ohio has a racially and ethnically diverse
population. Its black population is about 10 percent of the state total.
The percentage of blacks increased with the industrial development of
the state. Similarly, eastern and southern Europeans were attracted to
Ohio's industrial cities and still form large contingents in the northern
urban areas of Canton, Akron, Cleveland, and Youngstown. Asians are a
tiny but fast-increasing group.
Education and Cultural Activity
In frontier Ohio, distant from the eastern communities, education and
cultural development were slow. Implementation of the Land Ordinance of
1785 reserved a section of each township for school development, but formal
education was generally limited to private academies and "subscription"
schools. Impetus for free education culminated in an 1825 law requiring
counties to fund education. Not until 1921 did schooling become mandatory
for everyone between the ages of 6 and 18. Among Ohio's early educators,
William Holmes McGuffey and Horace Mann are famous, the former for his
readers and the latter for his progressive educational methods.
The public schools are administered and financed by the individual school
districts with assistance from state and local governments. Final authority
over public school operation is vested in the state legislature, a state
board of education, and the superintendent of public instruction.
Higher education in Ohio began in 1804 with the establishment of Ohio
University in Athens (see Ohio, state universities of). Since then many
other institutions of higher education, public and private, have developed.
Outstanding private institutions include Antioch College, Case Western
Reserve University, Denison University, Kenyon College, Oberlin College,
and the College of Wooster.
Supporting the educational process are about 250 public libraries with
vast numbers of bound volumes and other holdings and the academic libraries
with their millions of volumes. The Cincinnati Public Library and the
Ohio State University library each contain well over 3 million volumes.
The Ohio Arts Council, supported by federal, state, and private funds,
assists cultural endeavors in the state. Among Ohio's major cultural institutions
are art museums including the Cleveland Museum of Art, theater organizations,
and symphony orchestras. The Cincinnati Symphony and the Cleveland Orchestra
are world famous. The Ohio Historical Society, along with various county
and municipal historical organizations, seeks to preserve prehistoric
and historic sites, administering historical, archaeological, and natural
history memorials.
The recreational traveler in Ohio is well rewarded. The state's division
of parks and recreation administers many areas for outdoor recreation.
The Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area between Cleveland and Akron
preserves the rural character of the Cuyahoga River Valley and the century-old
Ohio and Erie Canal system. Major amusement parks include Cedar Point
on Lake Erie and Kings Island near Cincinnati. Zoos, gardens, fairs, and
festivals are numerous. Professional sports facilities can be found in
Cincinnati and Cleveland.
Communications
Ten years before Ohio became a state, its first newspaper was published
in Cincinnati. Today, influential newspapers in the state are the Cleveland
Plain Dealer and the Cincinnati Enquirer. There are also many television
and radio stations. The first educational radio station in the nation
was begun by Ohio State University in 1922.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Ohio's economic function has historically been that of an outfitter, supplying
food and materials to those farther west. Isolated from the older, more
established parts of the East, Ohio began to develop its human, agricultural,
and industrial resources. The state's ability cheaply to assemble needed
raw materials accelerated the industrial-urban process, making Ohio a
principal manufacturing state with the attendant problems created by urbanization,
dwindling energy supplies, and pollution of air and water.
Agriculture
Agriculture best reflects Ohio's transitional location. The northwest's
field crops of corn and soybeans are typical of the agricultural economy
in the Corn Belt, while southeastern Ohio has the general mixed-farming
economy consisting of cattle grazing and minimal crop production more
common in the East. The combination of urban markets, terrain, and tradition
led Ohio agriculture toward animal husbandry. As recently as the early
1970s, more than half of all farm income came from livestock. Soon thereafter,
however, Ohio farmers were deriving more money from crops. Corn and soybeans
now bring the highest profits, followed by dairy products and cattle.
Other important farm commodities are hogs, wheat, oats, popcorn, barley,
hay, red clover, and rye. Vegetable growing is also important. Changes
in Ohio agriculture are typical of those occurring throughout the nation.
The number of farms has declined, whereas the average unit size has increased.
The leading farm counties are found in the western part of the state.
Forestry and Fishing
As agricultural land in Ohio has declined, forestland has increased. In
recent decades, land in forests has about doubled. Most of the forestland
is privately owned, while the remainder is within a number of state forests
and Wayne National Forest. Valuable tree species include white oak, red
oak, white ash, hard maple, tulip poplar, hickory, and beech. Because
forests are often second or third regrowth, trees often are not of sawtimber
size but are an important pulpwood source for the paper industry in the
southwest. Building materials and furniture are also products of the forest-based
industries.
When fishing was a significant economic activity, it took place almost
exclusively along Lake Erie. Those waters were famous for large-and small-mouthed
bass, white bass, yellow perch, bluegills, rock bass, and walleyed pike.
Because of ecological changes resulting in the introduction of the sea
lamprey and the alewife and from industrial and agricultural pollution,
commercial fishing declined drastically. Recreational fishing, however,
continues in the streams and lakes, including Lake Erie.
Mining
Coal is the most valuable mineral produced in Ohio, and Ohio's total reserves
of coal have been estimated to be able to meet demand for about 500 years.
Coal production is concentrated in the southeast, particularly in Hocking,
Athens, Perry, Belmont, and Harrison counties. Most of the coal produced
is taken by surface mining. Limestone, which also ranks high in production
value, is quarried throughout the state, but major deposits are located
in northwestern Ohio. Ohio limestone is used for road- building material,
concrete, agricultural lime, and steel flux. Sand and gravel, a legacy
of glaciation, are abundant on Ohio's western till plain and in the southern
valleys that received generous outwash. Salt, the single most important
mineral during Ohio's early settlement, continues to be produced along
Lake Erie from rock salt and in the east from brine. The deepest salt
mine in the nation is near Fairport Harbor. Petroleum and natural-gas
deposits in various parts of Ohio are important revenue producers.
Ohio sandstone, exploited since earliest settlement, constitutes the majority
of the nation's supply. Production is scattered in the eastern half of
the state. The best known type of sandstone is Berea, or grit. Clay resources
are more widespread than sandstone. The principal resource area is in
the east central part of Ohio, where fire or refractory clays are quarried
for the area's brick and tile industry.
Manufacturing
Ohio's favorable location and abundant natural resources, combined with
a large labor supply, assured it early industrial prominence. Cincinnati,
the state's first manufacturing city, had among its early industries barrel
making and meat packing. From its industrial beginnings dominated by the
processing of agricultural raw materials, Ohio has become industrially
diversified. Its leading industries manufacture transportation equipment,
rubber products, machine tools, soap, matches, cooking ranges, foundry
and machine-shop products, pottery and porcelain ware, electrical machinery,
chemical products, and pumps and steam shovels. Printing and publishing
are also important in several of Ohio's larger cities.
Manufacturing accounts for about one-third of Ohio's gross state product
and provides employment for about one-quarter of the workers of the state.
Ohio ranks high among U.S. states in the value added by manufacture. Many
layoffs in Ohio's steel and auto facilities occurred in the 1980s, but
offsetting this trend, new factories opened, including Japanese-owned
auto- assembly plants.
Tourism
Tourism is a major business in Ohio, adding substantially each year to
the economy. State recreation areas and local parks cover many areas of
the state. Ohio's presidential memorials and homes are leading attractions.
The state's recreational sites, while not necessarily unique, are diverse
and offer both summer and winter activities.
Transportation
Known historically as the "Gateway to the West," Ohio continues to benefit
from its transportation advantages. Toledo and Cleveland are important
Lake Erie ports. Toledo functions principally as an exporter of coal and
coke. Cincinnati, the state's principal Ohio River port, also handles
cargo.
Highways and railroads have replaced the earlier canal links. Ohio's early
roads included Zane's Trace, built by Ebenezer Zane for the U.S. government
and opened in 1797, and the National (Cumberland) Road, important during
the early 1800s. The state's major roads today include the Ohio Turnpike,
which crosses the northern part of the state in an east-west direction;
Interstate 71, which travels in a northeastern- southwestern direction
from Cleveland to Columbus and Cincinnati; and I-70, which travels east
and west through central Ohio. Railroad construction was underway in Ohio
by the mid-19th century, and by 1860 Ohio had more miles of track than
any other state. Railroad trackage has since declined, although freight
service and some passenger service have been maintained. Ohio's many airports
reflect an objective during the 1960s to establish an airport in every
county.
Energy
Tied to national supply lines of petroleum and natural gas, Ohio's industry
has relied on these energy fuels. Overdependence on distant and uncertain
energy sources has created a renewed emphasis on developing in-state supplies
of coal. Most electrical power already is derived from coal.
GOVERNMENT
Ohio's statehood in 1803 was preceded by a constitutional convention held
in Chillicothe during November 1802. The resulting constitution favored
the legislature and gave to it the power to appoint all state officials
except the governor. Another constitutional convention was held in Columbus
in 1850- 51, and a second constitution became effective in 1851.
Ohio's legislative power is vested in the general assembly, composed of
a senate and a house of representatives. The 33 state senators are elected
to 4-year terms. Each senatorial district has 3 representatives who are
elected to 2-year terms. Although the number of senators and representatives
is fixed, reapportionment takes place after each federal census.
The executive branch of the state government is headed by the governor,
elected to a 4-year term. The governor is, however, limited to a maximum
of 2 consecutive terms. Although both Democrats and Republicans frequently
have held the governor's post, Ohio voters usually favor Republicans at
the ballot box.
The state's judicial powers are vested in the supreme court, composed
of a chief justice and 6 judges elected for 6-year terms. Lower courts
consist of courts of appeals, courts of common pleas in each of Ohio's
88 counties, a division of domestic relations in several counties, and
probate, municipal, county, juvenile, and police courts.
Counties, cities, villages, and townships constitute Ohio's smaller political
units. Municipal governments conduct the affairs of cities and villages.
City status is achieved when the population reaches 5,000, and a village
may be formed through petition by 30 voters (a majority of them property
owners) to the township trustees and a subsequent vote on the petition
by the township residents.
HISTORY
Ohio's earliest occupants probably followed retreating glaciers into the
area while hunting mastadon and giant beaver. The earliest inhabitants
were followed by the more advanced Mound Builders who ranged over Ohio
between 1000 BC and 800 AD. They were noted for their burial practices,
evidence of which remains in some 6,000 burial and ceremonial mounds.
Probably the first European to set foot in the Ohio Country was either
Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, or Louis Jolliet. Between 1669 and
1670, La Salle explored the Ohio River area and Jolliet journeyed along
Lake Erie. Based on La Salle's exploration and resulting map, the French
later laid claim to the entire Ohio Valley. Both French and English hotly
contested their control of the Ohio territory before permanent American
settlement.
Among the historic Indian groups in Ohio were the Erie, Huron (Wyandot),
Ottawa, and Tuscarora in the north; the Mingo (or Iroquois League) in
the east; the Delaware and Shawnee in the south; and the Miami in the
west. Remnants of these tribes, led by the Shawnee chief Blue Jacket,
were defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. This U.S. Army
victory led to the establishment of the Greenville Treaty Line in 1795,
which separated the Indian land to the northwest from the settlers' land
to the east and south.
The Ohio Country became part of the Northwest Territory in 1787. With
the passage of the Ordinances of 1785 and 1787, providing for stable government
as well as land survey and sales in the territory, settlement by Anglo-Americans
accelerated. Connecticut and Virginia retained title to Ohio land, forming
the Connecticut Western Reserve in the northeast and the Virginia Military
District between the Little Miami and Scioto rivers in the southwest.
The Ohio Company of Associates acquired 4,856 sq km (1,875 sq mi) in southeastern
Ohio and in 1788 founded Ohio's first town, Marietta, at the confluence
of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers.
Ohio statehood was guaranteed when more than 5,000 adult males were counted
during the area's census of 1797. In 1803, Ohio entered the Union with
Edward Tiffin as its first governor. Chillicothe was the state capital
from 1803 to 1810, when it was replaced by Zanesville. Chillicothe again
was capital from 1812 to 1816, when Columbus assumed the honor.
The state's early years were characterized by dramatic population increases
and political and military turmoil. Political intrigue was fomented by
the supposedly treasonous activities of Aaron Burr on an Ohio River island
owned by Harman Blennerhassett. Military problems resulted from Indian
agitation and the campaigns of the War of 1812. Two names forever to be
connected with Ohio and its early struggles are Tecumseh and William Henry
Harrison. The first was the great Shawnee chief who almost succeeded in
rallying the Indians for a last stand against the white man. The latter
was the victor in the fight to bring peace to the New West and was the
first of several U.S. presidents with strong ties to Ohio.
Transportation opened Ohio to internal development. Favored by navigable
waters north and south, overland transportation surged with completion
of the National Road through the state in 1838, and of the Ohio-Erie and
Miami-Erie canals in 1832 and 1847, respectively. Ohio's railroad network
was begun with the Dayton-Sandusky line in 1850. Efficient transportation
gave impetus to the coal industry and boosted farm income and land values
in the western and northern agricultural areas. By the Civil War period,
Ohio had achieved national status as an agricultural and industrial state.
Preceding the Civil War, Ohio was strongly identified with abolitionist
causes. The Underground Railroad was active along the Ohio River and on
Lake Erie. The abolitionist movement received wide support, and in 1848,
Ohio repealed its Black Laws, which had been restrictive of blacks' civil
rights. The Civil War was carried into Ohio during a cavalry foray led
by Gen. John Hunt Morgan. The "invasion" lasted from July 13 to July 26,
1863, ending with the surrender of Morgan and his men and their imprisonment
as horse thieves rather than combatants.
After the Civil War, Ohio became a political power on the national level.
Seven U.S. presidents were born in Ohio: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford
B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William
Howard Taft, and Warren G. Harding.
As an industrial state, Ohio was in the forefront of the union- organizing
movement. The American Federation of Labor was formed in Columbus in 1886,
followed by the United Mine Workers in 1888. Violence connected with labor
unrest became commonplace in the mining areas of southeastern Ohio. During
a strike in 1884 several mine shafts in Perry County were set afire and
have been burning ever since. Many millions of tons of coal have been
consumed, and despite a system of barricades and packing mud into the
tunnels, some smoke from the fire is still visible.
During the 20th century Ohio moved to the forefront of the industrial
states under the business leadership of such men as Benjamin F. Goodrich,
Charles Franklin Kettering, and John D. Rockefeller (see Rockefeller,
family). Two world wars and conflicts in Korea and Vietnam triggered massive
industrialization, rapid in-migration, and subsequent urbanization. Ohio's
fortunes can, however, be rapidly reversed by economic relocation such
as a shift from coal to natural gas or by recession. These trends have
had devastating results in the central cities and the traditional coal
mining districts in Appalachia, where unemployment and poverty are chronic
ills. Beset by overcapitalization and outdated facilities, Ohio struggles
to remain an industrial giant. Steel plants with excess capacity have
shut down, as have outmoded automobile plants. New Japanese-owned factories
have opened in Ohio, however, offsetting gloomy economic developments
at least in part.
Hubert G. H. Wilhelm
Bibliography:
GENERAL: Collins, William R., Ohio: The Buckeye State, 5th ed. (1974);
Federal Writers' Project, The Ohio Guide (1940; repr. 1973); Reichert,
W. O., and Ludd, S. O., eds., Outlook on Ohio (1983).
ARCHAEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY: DeLorme Mapping Company Staff, Ohio Atlas and
Gazetteer (1987); Prufer, Olaf, The Archaic in Northeastern Ohio (1986);
Prufer, Olaf H., and McKenzie, Douglas H., eds., Studies in Ohio Archaeology,
rev. ed. (1975); Raup, H., and Smith, C., Ohio Geography (1973); Wright,
A. J., Economic Geography of Ohio, 2d ed. (1957).
HISTORY: Havighurst, Walter, Ohio: A Bicentennial History (1976); Maizlish,
Stephen E., The Triumph of Sectionalism (1983); Roseboom, E. H., and Weisenburger,
F. P., A History of Ohio, 2d ed. (1977); Smith, Thomas H., ed., An Ohio
Reader, 2 vols. (1975).
POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT: Michels, Greg, ed., Governments of Ohio, 1986
(1985); Winkle, Kenneth J., The Politics of Community: Migration and Politics
in Antebellum Ohio (1988).
(c) 1996 Grolier, Inc.
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