Moving to Pennsylvania - Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Reading
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Pennsylvania, one of the Middle Atlantic states, is bounded
by Lake Erie and New York on the north, New Jersey on the east, Delaware
and Maryland on the south, West Virginia on the south and west, and Ohio
on the west. The state ranks 5th in population, exceeded only by California,
New York, Texas, and Florida, but it ranks 33rd in size among the states.
Pennsylvania, or "Penn's Woods," was named by King Charles II of England
in honor of Admiral William Penn, father of William Penn, the founder
of the colony. The state did not assume its present boundaries until 1792,
when the "Erie triangle" in the extreme northwest was added, giving the
state a larger outlet to Lake Erie. The Mason-Dixon line set the state's
southern boundary.
Pennsylvania has played a leading role in the nation's development. The
First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, and the Declaration of
Independence was signed there. In the 19th century Pennsylvania became
a major industrial state of the nation, but in recent years it has faced
slowing industrial growth and population decline.
Pennsylvania is known as the Quaker State or the Keystone State. The latter
name suggests its location along the arch of the 13 original states.
LAND AND RESOURCES
Nearly all of the topographic features common to the eastern United States
are found in Pennsylvania. Along the Delaware River in southeastern Pennsylvania
is a narrow strip of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. This area is characteristically
low and flat. From the Coastal Plain westward, the Piedmont Lowlands slope
upward to a maximum elevation of about 150 m (500 ft) at the base of the
Blue Mountains. Where the Coastal Plain borders the higher land to the
west, hard rock and steeper slopes mark the fall line. The Blue Mountains
are rugged discontinuous highlands that extend from northeast to south
central Pennsylvania. South Mountain is the northernmost point.
To the west of the Blue Mountains is the Great Valley, which extends beyond
Pennsylvania through New Jersey and Virginia. The Ridge and Valley Province,
about 70 km (40 mi) wide, extends in a northeast-to-southwest direction
to the north and west of the Great Valley. Its parallel ridges and valleys
are the result of tectonic folding. The ridges rise to an elevation of
approximately 490 to 610 m (1,600 to 2,000 ft) above sea level, and often
150 to 300 m (500 to 1,000 ft) above the intermontane valleys.
Adjoining the Ridge and Valley Province on the west and north is the Appalachian
or Allegheny Plateau, which covers more than half the state. This region
has been highly dissected and is now rugged hill country. Steep slopes
predominate, but some gently sloping or level plateau remnants can be
found throughout the area. Whereas a trellis drainage pattern is found
in the Ridge and Valley, the Appalachian Plateau has an elaborate dendritic
pattern with the streams repeatedly branching headward and virtually covering
the region. The plateau contains the highest elevations in Pennsylvania,
including Mount Davis, 979 m (3,213 ft), the highest summit. The high
eastern edge of the plateau is known as the Allegheny Front. In the northwest
is the narrow Erie Lake Plain, part of the Central Lowlands.
The rocks in Pennsylvania vary from young sedimentary rocks to very ancient
complex rocks. The Atlantic Coastal Plain is composed of recent sedimentary
deposits, primarily sandstones and shales. The Piedmont and Blue Mountains
consist mostly of granites and schists.
To the west of the older rocks of southeastern Pennsylvania are younger
sedimentary sandstones, shales, and limestones. The area of younger rock
is divided into two parts. The folded rocks of the Ridge and Valley Province
are deformed sedimentary strata, whereas the Appalachian Plateau's sedimentary
rock layers of sandstone, shales, and limestones are nearly horizontal.
Soils
Pennsylvania's distribution of soil types corresponds to its physiographic
regions. In the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the Erie Lake Plain are sandy
soils. In the upland areas infertile sandy soils are most common, whereas
the river valleys are covered with fine, fertile alluvium.
Rivers and Lakes
Two major river basins dominate Pennsylvania. Nearly half of the state
is drained by the Susquehanna River system. The major branches of the
Susquehanna are its North Branch and West Branch and the Juniata River.
In western Pennsylvania the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River
are part of the Ohio River system and form the second-largest river basin
in the state. The Delaware River--with its major tributaries, the Lehigh
and Schuylkill--follows the eastern boundary of the state. The Potomac
River in the south and the Genesee in the north have small parts of their
basins in Pennsylvania. The largest lake entirely within Pennsylvania
is the artificial Raystown Lake; the largest natural lake wholly within
the state is Lake Conneaut. Other artificial lakes include Allegheny Reservoir
on the Allegheny River and Pymatuning and Shenango River reservoirs on
the Shenango River.
Climate
Pennsylvania has a humid continental climate, but topographic differences
result in local anomalies. The southeast has long, hot summers and comparatively
mild winters, whereas the Appalachian Plateau experiences longer, colder
winters and shorter, milder summers. The growing season varies from 170-200
days in the southeast to 120 days on the high plateaus in northern Pennsylvania.
A range of about 25 degrees C (45 degrees F) distinguishes the coldest
and warmest months. Because Pennsylvania lies close to the Atlantic Ocean,
precipitation is more than adequate, averaging 890 to 1,270 mm (35 to
50 in). Pennsylvania has extremely variable weather due to the passage
of successive low and high pressure areas across the state from west to
east. Precipitation during the winter is cyclonic in origin, whereas thunderstorms
are responsible for most of the summer rainfall. Average annual snowfall
varies from about 760 mm (30 in) in southeastern Pennsylvania to 1,370
mm (54 in) or more in the northwest.
Vegetation and Animal Life
When the first settlers arrived in Pennsylvania, the area was covered
by a vast forest of virgin timber. The woodlands consisted of a mixture
of deciduous and coniferous trees, sustained by the wide range of soils
and topography.
Pennsylvania lies in a transition zone between northern and southern forests.
Mixed deciduous hardwoods, such as oak, maple, ash, elm, and sycamore,
dominate southeastern and central Pennsylvania. On the Appalachian Plateau
are mixed stands of conifers and hardwoods, characteristic of northern
forests. Although about 60 percent of the state is still forested, little
virgin timber remains.
White-tailed deer, black bears, beavers, rabbits, squirrels, raccoons,
and woodchucks are found in the forested regions. The state's many species
of songbirds include orioles, eastern meadowlarks, bobolinks, robins,
and cardinals. Game birds include woodcocks, wild turkeys, ring-necked
pheasants, bobwhite quail, Canada geese, and ducks.
Resources
Pennsylvania is a leading mineral-producing state. Large reserves of bituminous
coal underlie the western portion of the state, and anthracite can be
found in northeastern Pennsylvania. Petroleum reserves are located in
western Pennsylvania. Major deposits of iron ore are found at Cornwall
and Morgantown, near Reading. Limestone provides the basis for a large
cement industry in the Lehigh Valley. Clay, sand, and stone are valuable
nonmetallic minerals in Pennsylvania.
Environmental Protection
Pennsylvania has long been a leader in protecting the environment. In
1972 a state constitutional amendment was ratified providing for protection
of air and water and of natural, scenic, historic, and aesthetic values
of the environment. The state's Department of Environmental Resources,
established in 1970, oversees all aspects of environmental control, including
the regulation of mining operations and the administration of land and
water management programs. Other responsibilities include air-quality
control, radiation protection, and conservation programs.
PEOPLE
During the decade between 1980 and 1990, Pennsylvania slipped from 4th
to 5th position (overtaken in population by Florida) among the most populous
U.S. states. It is one of the more densely populated states, characterized
by fewer young people under age 18 and a larger population of persons
65 and older than in the nation as a whole. Pennsylvania's birthrate is
lower than the U.S. average, while its death rate is somewhat higher than
the national average. The population is nearly 90 percent white and 9
percent black, although blacks make up a greater percentage in the state's
largest urban areas.
Nearly all of the population are native-born. Most of the state's foreign-born
population originated in Italy, Poland, and Germany. Hispanic Americans,
mainly from Puerto Rico, and Asian peoples, the fastest-growing grouping,
are also represented. A concentration of Mennonites is located in Lancaster
County in the southeast, an area often called the land of the Pennsylvania
Dutch. The Roman Catholic church is the largest single religious group.
Most Protestants belong to the Lutheran, Methodist, or Presbyterian denominations.
Pennsylvania has two Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas centered
on Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Erie, and Allentown
each have more than 100,000 residents.
Education
Pennsylvania was somewhat slow in establishing a free public school system.
Originally, most instruction in reading and writing took place in private
schools called "dame schools" or "neighborhood schools" and run by women
who gave instruction from their homes. Other early schools were controlled
by churches and emphasized religious study. The state established a public
school system in 1790, but the system really did not begin to develop
until the 1830s. Education in the 20th century in Pennsylvania has responded
to the needs of society. It is compulsory for all children from age 8
to age 17. Special education programs are available, and provisions have
been made for substantial school libraries and resource centers. Vocational-technical
schools also offer training in technical, skilled trade, and semiskilled
or occupational levels of instruction to secondary school pupils and out-of-school
youths and adults.
Among Pennsylvania's institutions of higher education are the state-supported
higher-education system and 4 state-related universities (see Pennsylvania,
state universities and colleges). Private institutions located in the
state include such schools as Beaver College, Bryn Mawr College, Bucknell
University, Carnegie-Mellon University, Dickinson College, Haverford College,
Lehigh University, Moravian College, Swarthmore College, the University
of Pennsylvania (see Pennsylvania, University of), Villanova University,
and Westminster College.
Cultural Institutions
Pennsylvania has a large number of cultural institutions. The Philadelphia
Orchestra and the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra are two of the nation's
finest. The Philadelphia Orchestra was founded in 1900 and has been led
by such famous conductors as Eugene Ormandy and Leopold Stokowski. The
famed Curtis Institute of Music is also in Philadelphia. Major museums
in the state include the Andrew Carnegie museums of natural history and
art in Pittsburgh and, in Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Academy of the
Fine Arts, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Natural Sciences Museum,
and the University Museum. Pennsylvania folk art is preserved in the Farm
Museum at Lancaster, the William Penn Memorial Museum at Harrisburg, the
Mercer Museum at Doylestown, and the Hershey Museum at Hershey.
Historical Sites
Many historical sites and museums commemorate the long history of the
state of Pennsylvania. These include Revolutionary War and Civil War sites,
such as Valley Forge, Independence Hall, the Gettysburg Battlefield, and
Washington Crossing. The early economic history of the state is recalled
at such places as the Cornwall Furnace, Hopewell Village, Drake Well Museum,
the Lumber Museum, and the Railroad Museum. Other historical sites include
Pennsbury Manor, the home of William Penn, and the birthplaces of President
James Buchanan in Cove Gap and Robert Fulton in Lancaster.
Communications
The colony's first newspaper, the American Weekly Mercury, was established
in 1719. Nine years later the Pennsylvania Gazette was founded; it was
purchased in 1730 by Benjamin Franklin, the colony's most renowned publisher.
The world's first commercial radio station, KDKA, began operation in Pittsburgh
on Nov. 2, 1920. Today the state has many radio and television stations,
and the Philadelphia Inquirer is a leading newspaper.
ECONOMY
Pennsylvania has a highly diversified economy, with manufacturing the
state's single most important economic activity. Philadelphia and Pittsburgh
are the leading manufacturing centers. Coal and oil, traditionally important
to the state, remain valued commodities. Agriculture, tourism, and growing
service-related industries also contribute to the state's economic well-being.
Agriculture
Most of Pennsylvania's farm income is derived from livestock production,
including beef cattle, milk cows, hogs, and sheep. Pennsylvania is a leading
U.S. state in the production of milk and milk products, chickens, eggs,
and apples, and is the nation's leading producer of mushrooms. The most
important centers for the production of mushrooms are in the southeastern
part of the state in Chester and Delaware counties. Principal field crops
produced in the state include corn, hay, oats, soybeans, wheat, and barley.
Important fruits grown are peaches, grapes, tart cherries, tomatoes, and
pears. Some of the nation's richest farmland is found in southeastern
Pennsylvania, and much agricultural production is centered in Lancaster
County.
Forestry
Once a leading state in forest-related industries, Pennsylvania has experienced
a decline in lumbering because of overcutting during the 19th century.
Most of the forested land is commercially owned, and most timber is cut
for pulp and paper. Forestry activity takes place generally in the northern
part of the state.
Mining
Pennsylvania is a leading mineral-producing state and one of the major
coal-producing areas in the United States. Both anthracite (hard coal)
and bituminous (soft) coal are found, with anthracite mined in Pennsylvania's
eastern counties and bituminous coal mined in the western and other parts
of the state. Pennsylvania is the only major producer of anthracite in
the United States. Oil and natural-gas wells are found in northwestern
Pennsylvania.
The most valuable nonfuel mineral is portland cement. Other important
minerals found in Pennsylvania include masonry cement, pig iron, sand
and gravel, lime, sandstone, clays, mica, and peat.
Manufacturing
Pennsylvania is one of the nation's major manufacturing states, and employment
in that economic sector is exceeded only by California, Ohio, and New
York. In value added by manufacture it is ranked among the leading U.S.
states. Most manufacturing is concentrated in the southeastern and southwestern
parts of Pennsylvania.
Although the southeast has few raw materials or important energy sources,
highly diversified manufacturing has developed, based on large local and
regional markets, a highly skilled labor force, available capital, long
traditions of manufacturing, and a well-developed transportation network.
The southwestern portion of the state is noted for its heavy industries,
attracted initially by large coal reserves. Major industries found in
Pennsylvania are the primary-metals industries, involved in steel production
and in the manufacture of nails and other basic metal products; and the
manufacture of food products, nonelectrical machinery, electrical machinery
and equipment, chemicals, fabricated-metal products, transportation equipment,
paper, printed materials, and clothing. Oil refining is also important.
Tourism and Recreation
Tourism and recreation are major sources of employment for the people
of Pennsylvania. Millions of recreational travelers are drawn each year
to the state's wide variety of tourist attractions. The scenic beauty
of Pennsylvania's forested mountains, green valleys, and clear lakes makes
the state a vacationland throughout the year. Pennsylvania has numerous
state parks, recreation areas, national historic sites, and national historical
parks, among other areas of state and national interest. Outdoor sports
are developed extensively, particularly in the Pocono Mountains, where
a number of ski areas operate between December and April, and along the
Delaware Water Gap. Game and fish commissions have been established to
supervise hunting with rifle or bow for deer, bears, and smaller game.
Game lands and waterways are well maintained and well stocked. Major league
baseball, and professional football, basketball, and hockey teams play
in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. College basketball is especially popular
in Philadelphia.
Transportation
Pennsylvania is a Middle Atlantic state within the populous Eastern Seaboard,
and it is a gateway to the Midwest. The state's strategic location is
enhanced by a comprehensive transportation network. One of Pennsylvania's
most important roadways is Interstate 80, also known as the Keystone Shortway.
This east-west superhighway opened central Pennsylvania to industrial
development by providing a link to the Midwest and the Atlantic Coast.
Another major highway is the Pennsylvania Turnpike, which opened its first
section in 1940 and was the first high-speed multilane highway in the
United States. Several major railroads offer freight-carrier service,
and Amtrak provides rail passenger service in the state. Pennsylvania's
waterways offer the unique feature of triple port coverage: a deepwater
port at Philadelphia, a Great Lakes port at Erie, and an inland-water
port at Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania has numerous public airports served by
various commercial airlines.
Energy
Pennsylvania's energy needs are supplied by coal, petroleum, natural gas,
nuclear power, and hydropower. Although Pennsylvania has some nuclear
power plants in operation, the 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island
power plant near Harrisburg brought into question the safety of nuclear
energy as a source of electrical power. The accident, which sent a radioactive
stream into the atmosphere and caused the temporary evacuation of thousands
of people, was investigated by a presidential panel that ultimately found
serious flaws in the design of the plant's safety system and in the federal
regulation of the nuclear power industry.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Pennsylvania is governed under the amended constitution of 1873. Executive
authority is vested in a governor, a lieutenant governor, an attorney
general, an auditor general, and a treasurer, all elected for 4 years.
The governor may serve only two 4-year terms in succession. Directly under
the control of the governor are many departments, boards, commissions,
offices, and authorities. The governor has considerable power, appointing--subject
to the advice and consent of the state senate--the heads of all departments
except those elected and members of independent boards and commissions.
Gubernatorial power includes filling vacancies in offices when the senate
is not in session. The governor's veto may be overridden by a two- thirds
vote in each legislative house.
The general assembly is the legislative branch of the government. The
senate's 50 members are elected for 4 years, and the 203 members of the
house of representatives are elected for 2 years. The lieutenant governor
presides over the senate but has no vote on legislation. The assembly
meets annually.
The state's supreme court dates from 1722; its justices are elected for
10 years and form the court of last resort. The superior court, with judges
also elected for 10-year terms, hears appeals from the courts of common
pleas. The commonwealth court, created in 1968, has jurisdiction over
civil actions involving the state.
Counties, townships, cities, boroughs, and other civil subdivisions derive
their power of self-government from the state. Pennsylvania has 67 counties.
Almost all county officers are elected to their posts.
Pennsylvania, overwhelmingly Democratic between 1800 and 1860, came out
of the Civil War strongly Republican. Democratic opposition to Abraham
Lincoln made the party highly unpopular. Furthermore, business and financial
interests of the state supported the Republican high-tariff and sound-currency
positions. In the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries Pennsylvania
was dominated by a remarkable dynasty of political bosses with their machine
politics and government. Because Pennsylvania was Republican, the machine
was of that party, headed first by Simon Cameron and later by his son
Donald, then by Matthew S. Quay and Boies Penrose. Penrose's death in
1921 marked the end of an era.
Between the Civil War and 1934, Democrats won the governor's seat only
twice, but they have increased their strength in recent decades. Labor,
blacks, and Roman Catholics, concentrated in the cities, have boosted
membership in the state's Democratic party. Democratic governors have
been elected from time to time since 1934, and today the balance between
the two major parties in Pennsylvania is very close, and the days of virtual
one-party rule are gone.
HISTORY
Colonial Period
Before white settlement Pennsylvania was the home of about 15,000 Indians,
most of whom belonged to the Delaware, Shawnee, and Susquehanna tribes,
as well as scattered groups of the Iroquois League. In the 17th century,
Pennsylvania was claimed by the Dutch, Swedes, and British. As early as
1614 the Dutch explored the lands along the Delaware River. In 1643 a
party of Swedes called the territory New Sweden and established the first
permanent colonies at Tinicum and New Gottenburg near modern Chester.
In 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of New Netherland, led an expedition
against the Swedes and imposed Dutch rule. Dutch authority was terminated
when, in 1664, a British force seized New Netherland (present-day New
York). In 1681, William Penn, a prominent British Quaker, obtained from
Charles II a grant of the territory known as the Providence of Pennsylvania.
The first permanent British colony was established at present-day Philadelphia
in 1682.
Penn planned to make his new colony the "Holy Experiment." He immediately
drew up "The Great Law of Pennsylvania," under which male suffrage extended
to those who professed a belief in God and met moderate property requirements.
Imprisonment for debt was reduced to a minimum, and the death penalty
was implemented only in cases of treason and murder. No man was deprived
of life, liberty, or estate except by trial before a jury of 12. Children
were to be taught to read, to write, and to learn a skill or trade. Penn's
seal read, "Mercy, Justice, Truth, Peace, Love, Plenty." Penn signed a
treaty of friendship with the Indians of Pennsylvania, setting a high
standard in relations. His successors extended this friendship to an alliance
with the Iroquois, and as a result the settlers enjoyed 70 years of peaceful
relations with the Indians. When the colonies to the north were ravaged
by French and Indian raids from Canada, Pennsylvania--shielded by the
Iroquois--was spared. By 1750, however, this era of friendship was nearing
an end, as land purchases for white settlements encroached on Indian territory.
In the 1750s, British traders and settlers poured into western Pennsylvania,
eager for land and furs. The French built a chain of forts from Lake Erie
to the Forks of the Ohio River and then brought pressure on the Indians
to break relations with the British. The French and Indian War of 1754-63
ensued. After the British victory at Fort Duquesne the French withdrew,
and the British general John Forbes built Fort Pitt in 1759-61 on the
site of present-day Pittsburgh.
Revolutionary Era
Pennsylvania figured significantly in the Revolutionary War. As early
as 1766, Benjamin Franklin, the colonial agent in Great Britain, vigorously
opposed the Stamp Act before the House of Commons. When war broke out,
Pennsylvania troops took part in many of the campaigns of the revolution,
including the siege of Boston in 1775. Pennsylvania created its own navy
in that same year to defend its shores. The battles of _Brandywine, Paoli,
Fort Mifflin, and Germantown were fought in Pennsylvania. Valley Forge,
where Washington and his men spent the winter of 1777-78, is located 40
km (25 mi) west of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia was a major center of political activity in the colonies.
In July 1774 a provincial congress convened at Philadelphia and elected
delegates to the First Continental Congress, which met in the city. The
Second Continental Congress also met there, signing the Declaration of
Independence in 1776. In 1787 delegates to the Constitutional Convention
in Philadelphia drafted the U.S. Constitution.
The independent western Pennsylvanians were often at odds with both the
rest of the state and the federal government. In 1794 open insurrection
broke out over the right of the federal government to tax local industry,
especially whiskey distilling. When the settlers refused to pay the tax,
President Washington called out the Pennsylvania Militia. The uprising,
the Whiskey Rebellion, ended without bloodshed.
In 1799, Lancaster was chosen the state capital. Harrisburg was selected
as the capital in 1812, thereby moving governmental activities in the
direction of the population stream and away from the larger cities.
Civil War
Pennsylvania was a pivotal state in the Civil War struggle, not only because
the state had men and materiel, but also because key routes from the South
led to Harrisburg, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. In order to control these
routes the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia invaded Pennsylvania
in 1863. Gettysburg became one of the most decisive as well as one of
the bloodiest battles of American history. Almost a third of the Union
army in the Battle of Gettysburg (see Gettysburg, Battle of) was from
Pennsylvania.
Industrial Development
After the Civil War, Pennsylvania experienced a tremendous industrial
expansion based on the increased use of metals, especially steel. By 1870,
Pittsburgh had become the chief center of the steel industry, producing
two-thirds of the national total. Of the steel magnates Andrew Carnegie
played a dominant role, creating a giant steel empire at the end of the
19th century. His was a vertically integrated industrial organization
that controlled all levels of operations--from the coal mines, limestone
quarries, and iron-ore mines to the steel plants and rolling mills. In
1901, Carnegie sold his vast industrial complex to financier J. Pierpont
Morgan (see Morgan, Family) for nearly a half billion dollars and devoted
the rest of his life to charity and public service. Morgan used Carnegie's
company to create the United States Steel Corporation (now USX), headquartered
in Pittsburgh. As Pennsylvania grew industrially, the labor movement expanded,
giving rise to the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial
Organizations AFL-CIO, which had its origin in the state. During World
War II, Pennsylvania played a significant role in terms of both industrial
production and military manpower. In recent decades, while the state remains
a leader in steel and coal production, there has been a comparative decline
in those industries due to a decline in demand for coal and to labor and
other problems related to the steel industry.
E. Willard Miller
Bibliography:
GENERAL: Benhart, John, The Encyclopedia of Pennsylvania (1984); Federal
Writers' Project, Pennsylvania: A Guide to the Keystone State (1940; repr.
1980); Stevens, Sylvester K., et al., Exploring Pennsylvania: Geography,
History, Civics, 3d ed. (1968).
GEOGRAPHY: Murphy, Raymond E. and Marion F., Pennsylvania Landscapes:
A Geography of the Commonwealth, rev. ed. (1974); Rizza, Paul F., et al.,
Pennsylvania Atlas, 2d ed. (1982).
ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND GOVERNMENT: League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania,
Key to the Keystone State (1988); Miller, E. Willard, Socioeconomic Patterns
of Pennsylvania: An Atlas (1975) and Pennsylvania: Keystone to Progress
(1986).
HISTORY: Alderfer, Harold F., Pennsylvania Local Government, 1681-1974
(1975); Bodnar, John E., ed., The Ethnic Experience in Pennsylvania (1973);
Bolles, Albert S., Pennsylvania, Province and State, 2 vols. (1890; repr.
1971); Buck, Solon J. and Elizabeth H., The Planting of Civilization in
Western Pennsylvania (1939; repr. 1969); Cochran, Thomas C., Pennsylvania:
A Bicentennial History (1978); Fisher, Sydney G., The Making of Pennsylvania,
2d ed. (1896; repr. 1969); Illick, Joseph E., Colonial Pennsylvania: A
History (1976); Kent, Barry C., Foundations of Pennsylvania Prehistory
(1971); Klein, Philip S., and Hoogenboom, Ari, A History of Pennsylvania,
2d ed. (1980); Sharpless, Richard E., and Miller, Donald, The Kingdom
of Coal (1985); Stevens, Sylvester K., Pennsylvania, Birthplace of a Nation
(1964) and Pennsylvania: The Heritage of a Commonwealth, 4 vols. (1968).
(c) 1996 Grolier, Inc.
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