Moving to Texas, Dallas, Fort Worth, San Antonio, Austin
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Stretching
1,244 km (773 mi) from east to west and 1,289 km (801 mi) from north to
south, Texas, the Lone Star State, occupies almost 7.5 percent of the
total U.S. land area--a region as large as all of New England, New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois combined. By 1994, Texas had grown to
become the second most populous U.S. state, moving ahead of New York and
following California. It derives its name from the Spanish and Indian
words tejas and techas ("friends" or "allies").
Texas shows the influence of both the Indians and the Spanish, French,
and other European explorers and missionaries. In 1820, Moses and Stephen
F. Austin started the Anglo-American colonization that culminated in the
organization of a provisional government at San Felipe on Nov. 3, 1835,
and in independence from Mexico on Mar. 2, 1836. After almost ten years
as an independent republic, Texas became a U.S. state on Dec. 29, 1845.
The modern economic development of Texas started in January 1901 with
the eruption of an oil well drilled at Spindletop, near Beaumont. The
rapid discovery of oil in other parts of the state led to a boom that
has never really stopped. The economy of Texas has become highly diversified,
and its population has more than quintupled during the 20th century.
LAND AND RESOURCES
Topography and Soils
Four major physiographic subdivisions of North America are found in Texas:
the Gulf Coastal Plain in the east and southeast, the North Central Plains
running north to southeastward in the center of the state, the Great High
Plains in the northwest, and the Trans-Pecos Mountains to the extreme
west and southwest. The topography of Texas rises gradually from east
to west, reaching its highest point in Guadalupe Peak (2,667 m/8,749 ft)
in the Trans-Pecos.
The Gulf Coastal Plain, extending about 80 to 100 km (50 to 60 mi) inland
from the Gulf of Mexico, from sea level to an altitude of about 150 m
(500 ft), has a rolling to hilly surface. Its western part consists of
a fertile belt of land of irregular width known as the Blackland Prairie.
Inland from the Coastal Plain, the North Central Plains of Texas are the
southern extension of the Great Plains, and they reach southwestward across
the entire state to the Rio Grande river. The plains' southern portion
is known as the Edwards Plateau. The border of the North Central Plains
on the west is the Staked Plain, or Llano Estacado in Spanish. It consists
of a flat-topped tableland with an elevation of about 1,200 m (4,000 ft).
Lying between Mexico and New Mexico, the barren Trans-Pecos region in
southwestern Texas alternates between rolling hills in the Pecos River
valley and the isolated high ridges of the Guadalupe and Davis mountains.
Texas is divided into 14 land resource areas that have similar or related
soils, vegetation, topography, and climate. The soils vary greatly in
depth from one region to another and show different physical properties;
all need fertilizing, however, and some need irrigating to make them productive.
Rivers and Lakes
Texas has two sources of water: aquifers, found under more than half the
state, and streams with their reservoirs. Water from the former has traditionally
been an essential source of municipal supplies; because of falling water
tables, however, cities more and more must now depend on surface reservoirs.
The state's 3,700 streams have a combined length of approximately 130,000
km (80,000 mi). Among the major rivers are the Rio Grande, which drops
about 3,650 m (12,000 ft) from source to mouth and constitutes the border
with Mexico; the Red River, which partly separates Texas from Oklahoma
and Arkansas; the Colorado River of Texas (965 km/600 mi), which is the
longest river entirely within the state; and the Sabine, which forms the
southern half of the boundary between Texas and Louisiana. Other rivers
include the Pecos and the Devils, both tributaries of the Rio Grande;
the Nueces; and the Guadalupe.
Texas has relatively few natural lakes but hundreds of artificial ones.
These were developed to provide hydroelectricity, to store water, or to
irrigate farmland. Among the largest are Lake Texoma (partly in Oklahoma)
on the Red River, the Falcon and Amistad reservoirs on the Rio Grande,
Sam Rayburn Reservoir on the Angelina River in eastern Texas, Lake Texarkana
on the Sulphur River, Toledo Bend Reservoir on the Sabine, Lake Travis
on the Colorado, and Lake Livingston on the Trinity River north of Houston.
Climate
The climates of Texas range from the hot subhumid found in the Rio Grande
valley to the cold semiarid of the northern part of the Panhandle, and
from the warm humid in the east to the arid of the Trans-Pecos. Rainfall
varies from 1,400 mm (55 in) in the east to less than 250 mm (10 in) in
the west. The average number of days with some precipitation ranges from
44 in El Paso to 110 in Houston. Drought can be a serious problem, especially
in the Great High Plains, where an average of seven droughts occur in
a 10-year period. Temperatures, too, vary greatly, ranging from 49 degrees
C (120 degrees F) to - 31 degrees C ( - 23 degrees F). Each year about
100 tornadoes occur, most frequently in the Red River valley.
Vegetation and Animal Life
The dense pine forests of eastern Texas contrast with the deserts of the
western part of the state, and the grassy plains of the north contrast
with the semiarid brushes of southern Texas. Eastern Texas vegetation
is characterized by dense pine forests and a variety of hardwoods, including
oak, hickory, ash, and magnolia. The central region is dominated by oak,
elm, and pecan, as well as, on the Edwards Plateau, by cedar and mesquite.
Shrubs of the grasslands of the lower altitudes of the west include acacia,
mesquite, and mimosa; the Trans-Pecos Mountains have pine, fir, and spruce.
The Rio Grande valley is mostly covered by brush, mesquite, cedar, post
oak, and in places a dense growth of prickly pear. In the southwest are
found cactus, agave, and yucca.
Texas is the temporary home every year for many migratory birds. Aransas
Wildlife Refuge, for example, on the Gulf above Corpus Christi, provides
the winter quarters for the almost extinct whooping crane. The state's
indigenous animals include the mule and white-tailed deer, black bear,
mountain lion, antelope, and bighorn, but the American bison, or buffalo,
is found only in zoos and on a few ranches. Among the smaller mammals
are the muskrat, raccoon, opossum, jackrabbit, fox, mink, coyote, and
armadillo.
Resources
Minerals represent a very significant part of the state's natural wealth.
The known petroleum deposits of Texas--about 8 billion barrels--make up
approximately one-third of the known U.S. supply. The Texas Panhandle
is one of the world's great natural-gas reservoirs. Mineral fuels generally
account for over 90 percent of the value of all minerals produced in the
state, although Texas is also a leading producer of natural graphite,
magnesium, sulfur, and cement and has considerable reserves of lignite
(low-grade coal). Uranium was discovered in 1954 in the Coastal Plain,
and additional deposits have been found in various other parts of the
state. The state's great variety of soils must also be considered as a
resource.
PEOPLE
Although Texas is among the most populous of U.S. states, it is still
considerably less crowded than the nation as a whole; the huge area of
Texas means that the state's population density is less than that of the
nation as a whole. Yet the state's population has increased significantly
in recent decades, more than doubling between 1940 and 1980 and increasing
by 19.4 percent in the decade from 1980 to 1990 (well above the 1980-90
national average of 9.8 percent). The increases have resulted in part
through in-migration, although there was also some out- migration during
the 1980s. Texas' two extensive metropolitan areas are the Dallas-Fort
Worth and the Houston-Galveston- Brazoria consolidated metropolitan statistical
areas. Together they constitute about 45 percent of the state's population.
In addition there are 23 metropolitan statistical areas (mainly single-city
metropolitan regions) that together with the consolidated areas account
for more than 80 percent of the population.
Racially, Texas is made up of whites, who constitute about 75 percent
of the population; blacks, about 12 percent; and other nonwhites, about
13 percent. Hispanics account for 25.5 percent of the population. European
settlers during the 19th and early 20th centuries included Germans, Swedes,
and Czechs.
Counties and Cities
Texas has 254 counties ranging in population from 107 (Loving County,
1990) to 2,818,199 (Harris, 1990), and in size from Rockwall's 386 sq
km (149 sq mi) to Brewster's 16,035 sq km (6,191 sq mi), nearly equal
to the combined areas of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Major cities include
the capital, Austin; the state's largest city, Houston; and Dallas and
Fort Worth, only about 50 km (30 mi) apart. San Antonio is a fast- growing
shipping center for oil and agricultural products; other important commercial
centers are Abilene, Amarillo, Beaumont, Brownsville, Corpus Christi,
El Paso, Galveston, Laredo, Lubbock, Midland, Port Arthur, Waco, and Wichita
Falls.
Education
In 1839, Texas president Mirabeau B. Lamar set aside land in each county
for public schools and for a state university. Today the enrollment in
Texas public schools exceeds 3 million, and higher education in the state
includes about 100 public institutions (see Texas, state universities
of). Additional thousands of elementary and secondary students attend
private schools, and Texas has several dozen private institutions of higher
education (including Baylor, Rice, and Southern Methodist universities).
Culture and Historical Sites
Texas has several hundred public libraries--the largest being those in
Dallas and Houston; the libraries of the University of Texas at Austin
have the state's largest collections. There are more than 300 museums
(up from only 82 in 1964), and there are 3 major symphony orchestras--in
Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio.
Among the outstanding museums are the Dallas and Fort Worth museums of
fine arts, the Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum and Witte Museum in San
Antonio, the Museum of Fine Arts and the Contemporary Arts Museum in Houston,
and the Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth. Well-known symphony orchestras
are also in Amarillo, Fort Worth, and Austin. There are ballet companies
in Austin and Houston, and the Alley Theatre in Houston has a national
reputation. The Dallas Opera and the Houston Grand Opera are the state's
major opera companies.
The Alamo in San Antonio is the most famous historical site; others are
San Antonio Missions National Historic Park, San Jacinto monument east
of Houston, Fort Davis National Historic Site, and the Lyndon Baines Johnson
Presidential Library--part of the University of Texas in Austin.
Communications
The first newspaper in Texas, the Gaceta de Texas (Texas Gazette), was
published in Spanish in 1813 at Nacogdoches. Among the oldest English
newspapers are the Galveston Daily News (1842) and the Dallas Morning
News (1885). There are numerous other morning and evening dailies, and
Texas is well supplied with radio stations, both AM and FM, as well as
with television stations.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
For decades oil influenced every aspect of the economic development of
Texas. This included the tax structure, since a high percentage of the
state's tax revenues was derived from oil and gas. This changed in the
mid-1980s when oil prices collapsed devastatingly, greatly diminishing
tax revenues and adversely affecting not only oil-related industries but
also many others, such as real estate and banking. Slow economic recovery
began in 1987, however, helped by the industrial diversification that
had already begun in Texas and that was now intensified. The service industries,
notably retail and wholesale trade, contribute well over half of the gross
state product of Texas.
Agriculture
Texas is a leading agricultural state, frequently ranking third (after
California and Iowa) in gross farm income. Agricultural statistics in
Texas have been affected by modern technology, which increases productivity:
in consequence, the number of persons living on farms has markedly decreased
in recent decades. Another trend has been a decline in the total number
of farms and ranches.
The largest share of agricultural income is derived from beef cattle;
Texas leads the nation in the number of beef cattle, which usually exceed
13 million head. Cotton is the leading crop and the state's second most
valuable farm product. Texas is also a leader in national production of
grain sorghum, watermelons, cabbages, and spinach. Wheat, corn, and other
grains are also important. There is good farmland located in most parts
of the state, some of it made more productive by use of irrigation and
of dry-farming techniques (used in the Panhandle, for example, for wheat
production).
Forestry and Fishing
Production of timber--more softwoods than hardwoods--represents a small
share of the gross state product of Texas, but shipments of lumber and
wood products and of paper and allied products are worth many times that
share. As for fishing, shrimp accounts for most of Texas's total commercial
catch. Other species caught include crabs, oysters, flounder, and red
snapper.
Mining
Texas is among the nation's most important producers of minerals. It leads
the nation in the production of natural gas and uranium and is second,
after Alaska, in crude petroleum production. Texas in recent years has
supplied about one-third of the U.S. production of natural gas and about
25 percent of the U.S. production of oil. A foremost state in nonfuel
minerals, Texas is an important producer of magnesium, sulfur, sand and
gravel, stone, talc, sodium, and cement. The eastern part of the state
has lignite coal mines. Iron is also mined.
Manufacturing
Before World War II, manufacturing in Texas centered on processing the
raw materials, notably petroleum and agricultural products, available
in the state. The decades since the war have seen an emphasis on diversification
in manufacturing, however, as well as significant industrial expansion.
In recent years, state leaders have attempted to attract more high-tech
industries to Texas.
Manufactures include a wide range of petroleum and coal products, machinery,
chemicals, and food products. Other broad categories of Texan manufactures
include electrical equipment, including high-tech; fabricated metals;
printed materials; and transportation equipment. Specific manufactures
include such diverse items as wristwatches, radios, cosmetics and drugs,
leather goods, aircraft and aircraft parts, computers, soft drinks, pipes
and pipe fittings, and synthetic rubber. A large number of the approximately
15 percent of the labor force employed in manufacturing in Texas work
in the Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas.
Tourism
Texas attracts millions of out-of-state visitors annually; its tourist-related
businesses compete with those of California and Florida for the U.S. travel
market. Many visitors explore Dallas, San Antonio, Houston, Fort Worth,
El Paso, Austin, and other cities. Sites of special interest range from
Nacogdoches in East Texas, one of the state's oldest cities, to the Lyndon
B. Johnson Space Center near Houston. Texas's two national parks, Big
Bend and Guadalupe Mountains, are also popular, as are the numerous and
varied state recreation areas. Hunting and fishing are popular pastimes
for visitors and Texans alike, as are professional and college sports
events.
Transportation and Foreign Trade
As befits its hugeness, Texas ranks first nationally in total highway
and railroad mileage. It also has the most airports (about 1,600). There
are 13 major ports along the Gulf of Mexico, with Houston the busiest
(and ranking among the most active of all U.S. ports). The year 1988 commemorated
the 135th anniversary of the first railroad operation in Texas; railway
mileage reached its peak in 1922 (approximately 27,500 km/17,000 mi),
but the volume of rail freight increased again after World War II.
Texas is a major U.S. exporter of manufactured goods, including chemicals
and allied products. Also exported are agricultural products--especially
cotton and food grains. Texas is habitually the nation's leading exporter
of sulfur, and its exports of iron and steel scrap rank high. Other exports
include natural gas and fishery products, especially shrimp.
Energy
Texas consumes more energy than any other state--much of the natural gas
and oil produced in the state never leave its borders. About 85 percent
of the energy consumed in Texas comes from petroleum and natural gas.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
The present Texas constitution was adopted on Feb. 15, 1876, but has been
amended many times. The chief executive is the governor, who since 1975
serves for 4 years. Legislative authority is exercised by the senate,
with 31 members elected for 4-year terms, and the house of representatives,
with 150 members elected for 2-year terms. The legislature meets biennially
in odd-numbered years. The highest courts of Texas include the nine-member
supreme court and the nine-member court of criminal appeals. Judges of
the two courts are elected to 6- year overlapping terms. The Texas state
delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives gained three additional
seats following the 1990 census.
In 1978 the state elected its first Republican governor (William P. Clements,
Jr.) since 1870, and Republican John Tower served in the U.S. Senate from
1961 until his retirement in 1985. Despite the popularity of some individual
Republicans, including Ronald Reagan, Democrats have dominated state-level
politics since Reconstruction; competition occurs chiefly between the
Democratic party's liberal and conservative wings. Many Texans, such as
former U.S. House Speaker Sam Rayburn, have played influential roles in
national affairs. Henry Cisneros attracted national attention after he
became (1981) the first Mexican-American mayor of a major U.S. city (San
Antonio). In a 1993 special election, Republican Kay Hutchison became
Texas's first woman senator.
HISTORY
Evidence of a meeting in eastern Texas between Middle American prehistoric
cultures and temple Mound Builders from the eastern part of what is now
the United States has been discovered in an Indian mound on the Neches
River, and many tribal groups-- including the Apache, Caddo, and Comanche--inhabited
what is now Texas.
Conquest and Colonization
Early European explorers in the area were the Spaniards Alonso Alvarez
de Pineda (1519), Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (1528), and Francisco Coronado
(1541). Other Spanish expeditions followed during the next century, and
in 1682, Ysleta, near El Paso, became the first European settlement in
Texas. Three years later Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, brought the
second flag (French) to Texas. He landed at the head of Lavaca Bay and
established Fort Saint Louis.
La Salle was killed by one of his own men in 1687, and his fort was destroyed
by disease and the Indians. About 1714, however, the Spanish felt threatened
by another Frenchman, the explorer and trader Louis Juchereau de Saint
Denis. Although he claimed that his intention was simply to establish
trade, he was arrested and sent to Mexico City. The Spanish then redoubled
their efforts to settle Texas, and by the middle of the 18th century they
had mounted more than 100 expeditions to the area.
American Interest in Texas
The sale (1803) of Louisiana to the United States increased interest in
Texas from the east. Augustus Magee, a U.S. army officer in Louisiana,
befriended the Mexican patriot Bernardo Gutierrez, who had been fighting
for his country's independence from Spain. They led an expedition into
Texas and captured Nacogdoches, Goliad, and San Antonio before Magee died
mysteriously in Goliad.
In 1819, Dr. James Long of Natchez, Miss., led another expedition to Texas,
hoping to make the region an independent state. He captured Nacogdoches,
but his forces were soon defeated. A year later, Moses Austin visited
San Antonio and sought permission to settle Americans in Texas. Upon returning
to Missouri, his dying request was that his son, Stephen Austin, carry
out his plans, which the Spanish had approved.
In 1821 the white population of Texas was 7,000, with Goliad, San Antonio,
and Nacogdoches the only towns of any size. During this period Mexico
secured its independence from Spain, and, in 1823, Stephen Austin went
to Mexico City to seek confirmation of his father's grant. A new law required
that agents introduce at least 200 families of colonists, so Austin made
an agreement with the Mexican governor to settle 300 American families.
Colonization was so successful, however, that by 1836 the population of
Texas was 50,000.
Revolution and Republic
Differences in language, culture, and religion soon led to difficulties
between the new Anglo-American settlers and the Mexican government. Because
of the great distance between Texas and Mexico City, cultural and commercial
ties grew stronger with the United States, and some settlers hoped that
U.S. boundaries would be extended to include Texas.
In 1830 the Mexican congress enacted a law to limit immigration to Texas.
But this only increased dissatisfaction, for neither the Mexican national
constitution nor the constitution of 1827 for the state of Coahuila-Texas
granted rights that Anglo- Americans considered inalienable, such as trial
by jury and the right of bail. Most settlers also found unacceptable the
requirement that they become Roman Catholics because most of them were
Protestants.
War broke out between the American settlers and the Mexican government
in 1835, and the Texans won the first battle at Gonzales on Oct. 2, 1835.
The same year the Texans captured San Antonio after a devastating siege;
a provisional government was set up on Mar. 2, 1836, and Sam Houston was
named commander in chief of the Texas armies, Stephen Austin having gone
to Washington to solicit aid.
In February and March 1836 one of the most heroic battles in history occurred
at the Alamo. The besieged Texas forces commanded by William B. Travis
had been reduced to 157. He appealed for help, and about 30 additional
men from Gonzales broke through the lines of the Mexican general, Antonio
Santa Anna. The 187 defenders, commanded by Travis, James Bowie, and Davy
Crockett, then held the Alamo for another five days before it fell. March
also saw a massacre at Goliad, in which the outnumbered Texans, having
surrendered after a battle on Coleto Creek, returned to Goliad only to
be killed on the orders of Santa Anna.
Despite reverses, the Texans declared their independence in a great spirit
of resistance, and on Mar. 2, 1836, David Burnet was named provisional
president. Thinking the war was over, Santa Anna moved eastward with his
army. Sam Houston's troops-- half the number of the Mexicans--occupied
a position at the junction of the San Jacinto River and Buffalo Bayou,
opposite Santa Anna's camp. On the afternoon of April 21 the Texans attacked
while Santa Anna was having his siesta. Their battle cry was "Remember
the Alamo; Remember Goliad." Santa Anna fled but was taken the next day
and held prisoner for six months. (See Texas Revolution.)
Statehood and the Mexican War
The Texas republic, whose independence had been recognized by the United
States, Great Britain, France, Holland, and Belgium, was soon struggling
with Indian wars, raids by Mexican forces, and financial problems. In
September 1836, Texans voted for annexation by the United States; approval
by the U.S. Congress was delayed until 1845, however, because of the northern
states' opposition to the extension of slavery. On Dec. 29, 1845, the
U.S. Congress accepted the Texas state constitution, and Texas became
the 28th state, with legal slavery.
The Mexican War between the United States and Mexico followed within a
few months of Texas' entry into the union. The U.S. victory in that war
established the Rio Grande as the border between Mexico and the United
States. Texas, however, claimed all the territory from the mouth of the
Rio Grande to its source in southern Colorado, a claim vigorously opposed
by those who wished to exclude slavery from the territories newly acquired
from Mexico. In 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, Texas relinquished
its claim to half of what today is New Mexico and portions of Colorado,
Wyoming, Oklahoma, and Kansas in exchange for $10 million.
Texas withdrew from the Union on Feb. 1, 1861. Little fighting took place
on Texas soil during the Civil War, the most important engagements being
the capture and recapture of Galveston, the principal port. A battle took
place at Palmito Ranch near Brownsville, after General Lee had already
surrendered at Appomattox.
Military rule following the Civil War was short-lived, but the state was
inundated with carpetbaggers. On Mar. 30, 1870, Texas was readmitted to
the Union after ratifying the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the U.S.
Constitution. Following the Civil War cattle ranching became increasingly
important to the economy, and vast herds were driven to the railroad in
Kansas over the Chisholm Trail.
Modern Era
When the 20th century began, about 3 million people lived in Texas, and
agriculture dominated the economy. Then in 1901, Spindletop, the state's
first great oil gusher, was discovered. Soon oil was found in virtually
every part of the state, and the great east Texas oil field, discovered
in 1930, helped lessen the impact of the Depression.
Racial segregation was a continuing issue throughout most of the 1950s
and '60s, but by 1966, Texas ranked first among southern states in integrating
its schools. The poll tax was abolished by court action in 1966. Another
court decision led to redistricting the Texas legislature to conform to
the Supreme Court policy of one person, one vote.
Politically prominent Texans in the 1960s, '70s, '80s, and '90s included
two U.S. presidents, Lyndon B. Johnson and George Bush, Congresswoman
Barbara Jordan, Governor Ann Richards, and U.S. Treasury Secretary Lloyd
Bentsen, a former Texas senator and a vice-presidential candidate in 1988.
In 1987 the Texas legislature approved a landmark $5.7 billion tax increase.
In 1993, Waco, Tex., received worldwide attention as a standoff near there
between federal authorities and members of the Branch Davidian religious
cult resulted in violent confrontation and many casualties.
George W. Hoffman
Bibliography:
GENERAL: Cummings, Joe, Texas Handbook (1990); Federal Writers' Project,
Texas: A Guide to the Lone Star State, rev. ed. (1989); Holmes, William,
The Encyclopedia of Texas (1984); McDonald, Archie P., ed., The Texas
Experience (1986); Richardson, Rupert N., et al., Texas: The Lone Star
State, 6th ed. (1993); Ward, Delbert R., The Urban Stars in the Texas
Crown (1990).
LAND AND PEOPLE: Duke, C. S., and Frantz, J. B., 6000 Miles of Fence (1981);
Jordan, T. G., Immigration to Texas (1981); Jordan T. G., and Bean, J.
L., Jr., Texas: A Geography (1983).
HISTORY: Buenger, Walter L., ed., Texas History (1983); Fehrenbach, T.
R., Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans (1985); Siegel, Stanley
E., A History of Texas to 1865 (1981); Smyrl, Frank H., ed., Texas History
(1985); Stephens, A. R., and Holmes, W. M., Historical Atlas of Texas
(1989); Wintz, Cary D., ed., A History of Texas (1983).
ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND GOVERNMENT: Anderson, James E., et al., Texas
Politics, 6th ed. (1991); Bland, Randall W., et al., Texas Government
Today, 5th ed. (1992); Herzog, L. A., Where North Meets South (1990);
Kraemer, Richard H., and Newell, Charldean, Essentials of Texas Politics,
4th ed. (1989); Maxwell, Robert S., Texas Economic Growth, 1890 to World
War II (1982); Mladenka, K. R., and Hill, K. Q., Texas Government: Politics
and Economics, 2d ed. (1989); Spratt, J. S., The Road to Spindletop: Economic
Change in Texas, 1875-1901 (1983).
(c) 1996 Grolier, Inc.
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