Moving to/arizona alabama arkansas california colorado connecticut delaware district of columbia florida georgia idaho illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana maine maryland massachusetts michigan minnesota mississippi missouri montana nebraska nevada new hampshire new jersey new mexico new york north carolina north dakota ohio oklahoma oregon pennsylvania Rhode Island South carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming.
Introduction
Utah, state in the western United States, partly in the Rocky Mountains. Its great variety of landscapes includes high wooded mountains, lakes, valley oases, barren salt flats, deserts, and a wild plateau country with strange rock formations and rainbow-colored canyons. Habitation by nomadic desert peoples of the area that was to become Utah began several thousand years ago. The Anasazi Culture, which established intricately built settlements, reached their peak at about AD 1300. Native American tribes, including the Gosiute, Paiute, and Ute, were present when Spanish explorers made their earliest visits to the region. This area, which was claimed by Mexico, was chosen in 1847 by the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormons, as a refuge from persecution (see Mormonism). There they founded a theocratic commonwealth aloof from the rest of the nation and planned on the basis of a group of small self-sufficient agricultural communities. Their isolation was short-lived, however, because Utah became part of the United States in 1848 by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican War. In addition, the Mormon community was on the main route westward to the new gold-rush camps of California. The federal government tried to force the Mormons to conform to its standards and to give up some of their beliefs and practices, especially that of polygyny, a form of polygamy in which men have more than one wife, which was officially abandoned by the Mormons in 1890. Their reluctance to disavow the practice was chiefly responsible for Utah's late entry, on January 4, 1896, into the Union as the 45th state. Utah emerged into the mainstream of the nation's development, but the Mormons' way of life has continued to set the state apart in many ways. The name Utah is derived from a Native American word meaning those who dwell high up or mountaintop dwellers. Arriving Europeans mistakenly believed the name referred to the Ute people, later applying the word to the state. The state's original name was Deseret, from a word in the Book of Mormon that means land of the honey bee. It in turn gave rise to Utah's nickname, the Beehive State, connoting hard work and industry. From the time of its early settlement until the mid-20th century, Utah was known primarily for its agricultural and mining industries. By the mid-1990s, however, the state had developed a diversified economy, with a wide range of manufactured products. Tourism has also become a major element of the economy, and increasing numbers of visitors are attracted by the state's many natural landmarks. Salt Lake City is Utah's capital and largest city.
Physical Geography
Utah ranks 13th in size among the states and has an area of 219,900 sq km (84,904 sq mi), including 7,086 sq km (2,736 sq mi) of inland water. The state has an overall distance from north to south of 555 km (345 mi) and a maximum extent from east to west of 446 km (277 mi). The approximate mean elevation is 1,900 m (6,100 ft).
Natural Regions
Utah includes portions of three major natural regions, or physiographic provinces, of the western United States: the Middle Rocky Mountains, the Basin and Range province, and the Colorado Plateau. All three form part of larger physiographic divisions. The Middle Rocky Mountains form part of the Rocky Mountain system, and the Basin and Range province and the Colorado Plateau form part of the Intermontane Plateaus. The Middle Rocky Mountains, in northeastern Utah, include the Uinta and the Wasatch mountain ranges. The Wasatch Range is noted for its majestic granite peaks, deep canyons carved by valley glaciers, and hundreds of glacial lakes. The older Uinta Mountains, or Uintas, are one of the few major ranges in the Rocky Mountains that extend in an east-to-west direction. Several of the rounded peaks in the range reach elevations of more than 4,000 m (more than 13,000 ft) above sea level. The highest, Kings Peak, is 4,123 m (13,526 ft) above sea level and is the highest peak in Utah. The peaks of the Wasatch Range are lower. The two highest are Mount Timpanogos, 3,581 m (11,750 ft), and Mount Nebo, 3,620 m (11,877 ft). Several other peaks have similar elevations. The western side of the range is often called the Wasatch Front. The Basin and Range Province, covering approximately the western third of the state, is a region of gray desert plains, shimmering white salt flats, and towering mountains. It constitutes the eastern portion of the so-called Great Basin. Rivers peter out in the Great Salt Lake Desert or drain into Great Salt Lake, a remnant of huge, prehistoric Lake Bonneville. The narrow level strip of land between Great Salt Lake and the Wasatch Front, known as the Salt Lake Valley, is the most fertile, productive, and densely populated part of Utah. The Colorado Plateau is an area of fiery colors and unusual physical variety. The uplifted plateaus, rising in places to heights of more than 3,400 m (more than 11,000 ft), have been carved by rivers and eroded by wind and water over the centuries. The results are hundreds of canyons of great depth that are carved into red, pink, purple, and yellow sandstones and shales. Through these colorful canyons wind the Colorado River and some of its tributaries.
Climate
In the valleys and plateaus of Utah the summers are hot and dry and the winters, also dry, range from mild in the south to cold in the north. In the mountains of northeastern Utah the temperatures throughout the year are lower than elsewhere in the state and precipitation is more abundant. Temperatures decrease from the south to the north in the state. In the mountains the average temperature drops about 0.5° C (about 1° F) for every about 300 m (about 1,000 ft) rise in elevation. Average July temperatures range from less than 16° C (60° F) in the mountains to more than 27° C (80° F) in a few locations in southern Utah. At Salt Lake City average July temperatures range from a low of 18° C (64° F) to a high of 33° C (92° F). There is a great variation between daytime and nighttime temperatures, and although daytime highs are often in the lower 30°s C (lower 90°s F), summer nights are usually quite cool. Average January temperatures range from more than 2° C (35° F) in southwestern Utah to less than -7° C (20° F) in mountainous northeastern Utah. The average January temperature range at Salt Lake City is from a low of -7° C (19° F) to a high of 2° C (36° F). In most of Utah the annual precipitation is between about 200 and 400 mm (about 8 and 16 in), but in the Great Salt Lake Desert it is less than 130 mm (5 in) annually. In the highest parts of the mountains the precipitation averages more than 1,000 mm (40 in) per year, mostly in the form of heavy winter snow. Winter precipitation is mostly in the form of storms that originate over the Pacific Ocean. They bring large amounts of rain and snow to the southern and western slopes of the mountains but leave the leeward slopes and valleys relatively dry. Winter snows are particularly heavy in the Wasatch Mountains where single storms can bring several feet of snow and annual snowfall can reach 9 m (30 ft). Most rain in summer occurs as local thunderstorms, which drop large quantities of rain on small areas, often creating flash floods. The growing season, or the period between the last killing frost in spring and the first killing frost in fall, ranges from less than 90 days in the mountain valleys of northern Utah to more than 200 days in some sections of the state. Throughout most of the state the growing season is between 100 and 180 days long. The last killing frost in spring occurs during June in the mountains and at the end of April in the Great Salt Lake Desert and in the warmer parts of southern Utah. The first killing frost of fall occurs in late August or early September in the Uintas and in mid-October in the northern desert areas and warm southern areas.
Plant Life
Forests cover 27 percent of the land area of Utah, but only about one-fifth of the forest is suitable for commercial cutting. The federal government controls about three-quarters of all commercial forestland in the state. Many of the plants found in the deserts of Arizona also occur in the arid sections of southwestern Utah. Among these plants are the Joshua tree, mesquite, creosote bush, and varieties of cactus. Small sagebrush and Sandberg bluegrass are the most common plants in the canyon section of the Colorado Plateau. Shad scale and greasewood are the dominant plants where the alkaline soils limit the growth of sagebrush. The Indian paintbrush and the prickly pear add color to the plateau lands. An open woodland of scrubby conifers grows in the mountains at elevations up to about 2,100 m (about 7,000 ft). The woodland consists of open groves of Utah junipers and Rocky Mountain junipers and of piñons. Quaking aspens are found in scattered groves at about the same elevation. The Gambel oak and mountain mahogany are also common on the lower mountain slopes. The cottonwood grows along the streams, together with box elder, mountain alder, dogwoods, and willows. Above elevations of about 1,800 m (about 6,000 ft) are commercially valuable pine forests. Ponderosa and lodgepole pines are common, together with the aspen, Douglas fir, and limber pine. In the highest forest zone are the subalpine fir, white fir, and Engelmann spruce. The blue, or Colorado spruce, which is the state tree, is not native to Utah. Growing close to the ground are such shrubs as dwarf maples, chokecherries, sumacs, and Juneberries, commonly known as serviceberries.
Animal Life
Mule deer are the most common large mammals found in Utah. Other large mammals include the elk, pronghorn, moose, bison (American buffalo), black bear, cougar, Rocky Mountain goat, and Rocky Mountain bighorn. Among the smaller mammals are the coyote, bay lynx, Canada lynx, bobcat, gray fox, red fox, kit fox, badger, mink, otter, raccoon, cacomistle, or ringtail, marten, and weasel. Also found are skunks, porcupines, prairie dogs, rabbits, and squirrels. Reptiles are found in the plateau areas of Utah. Among the snakes are the yellow-belly racers, coachwhip snake, and garter snake and also two poisonous snakes: the sidewinder and western rattlesnake. Other reptiles include the desert tortoise, collared lizard, and horned lizard. The Gila monster, the only poisonous lizard in the United States, can be found in southwestern Utah. Among the migratory birds that pass through Utah each spring and fall are the whistling swan, Canada goose, snow goose, mallard, pintail, shoveler, canvasback, redhead, and baldpate. Water birds that breed on the islands in Great Salt Lake include the snowy egret, double-crested cormorant, white pelican, green heron, white-faced ibis, and the California gull, which is the state bird. Game birds include the ring-necked pheasant, California quail, Gambel quail, Hungarian partridge, chukar, mourning dove, sage grouse, and ruffed grouse. The bald eagle and golden eagle are found in mountain areas. Among Utah's numerous other birds are the robin, house wren, western meadowlark, house finch, and several kinds of woodpeckers, warblers, and swallows. About 55 species of fish are found in the lakes and streams of Utah. Among the most popular game fish are cutthroat, rainbow, brown, and brook trout, largemouth bass, and white bass.
Economic Activities
When the first Mormon pioneers arrived at the site of Salt Lake City in 1847, they began work on an irrigation system that would enable them to produce enough crops to survive the following winter. This pattern of self-sufficient agriculture dominated the economy until the beginning of the 20th century. At that time mining, particularly of copper, increased in scale, and with the construction of larger irrigation projects, more commercial crops were raised. Since World War II (1939-1945), when several defense industries were established, manufacturing has grown rapidly in importance. Today, Utah has one of the most diversified economies of the Mountain states. Services, trade, manufacturing, financial enterprises, and governmental activities each supply about an equal share of the state's gross product. In 1997, 1,282,600 people held jobs in Utah. The largest share, 30 percent, held jobs in the service industries such as computer support and restaurant work. Another 22 percent were employed in wholesale or retail trade; 15 percent in federal, state, or local government, including those serving in the military; 11 percent in manufacturing; 8 percent in finance, insurance, or real estate; 7 percent in construction; 5 percent in transportation or public utilities; 2 percent in farming (including agricultural services) or forestry; and 0.7 percent in mining. In 1997, 8 percent of Utah's workers were unionized. Utah has one of the highest percentages of bilingual residents. This workforce has helped Utah become a center for international trading.
Population Patterns
According to the 1990 national census, Utah ranked 35th among the states, with a total population of 1,722,850. This figure represents an increase of 17.9 percent over the 1980 census figure of 1,461,037. Rapid growth has characterized Utah in the mid-1990s, where the population was estimated to be 2,099,758 in 1998. In 1990 some 87 percent of the total population lived in urban areas. Utah is the sixth most urbanized state in the Union. Yet vast areas of the state are almost uninhabited. Average population density in 1998 was 10 persons per sq km (26 persons per sq mi), with the highest density located along the foot of the Wasatch Range. At the time of the 1990 federal census whites constituted 93.9 percent of the population, Asians and Pacific Islanders 1.9 percent, Native Americans 1.4 percent, and blacks 0.6 percent. Those of mixed heritage or not reporting ethnicity were 2.1 percent of the population, and Hispanics, who may be of any race, were 4.8 percent. Most Asians and blacks lived in metropolitan areas; many of the Native Americans, mostly of the Navajo, Ute, Gosiute, or Shoshone peoples, live on reservation land. The large Uintah and Ouray Reservation lies entirely within Utah, and portions of the Navajo and Ute Mountain reservations extend into the state.
Principal Cities
The major cities are situated in Salt Lake Valley. By far the largest is Salt Lake City, with a population (1996 estimate) of 172,575. It serves as the state capital and the religious, financial, industrial, and commercial center of Utah. It is the largest and most important city of a vast region of the interior West. The Salt Lake City-Ogden metropolitan area includes Davis, Salt Lake, Tooele, and Weber counties. In 1997 its population was an estimated 1.2 million. West Valley City, a residential suburb of Salt Lake City, had 99,136 Inhabitants in 1996 Provo, a commercial and educational center and the seat of Brigham Young University, has a population of 99,606. Situated south of Salt Lake City, it is the largest city in the Provo-Orem metropolitan area, which is coextensive with Utah County. Other large cities are Orem, with a population of 79,736, and Ogden, with 65,720 inhabitants. Ogden lies north of Salt Lake City and is included in the Salt Lake City-Ogden metropolitan area. Ogden is a manufacturing city and trade center and ranks as one of the chief railroad centers in the intermontane West. Logan is the chief food-processing and trade center of the Cache Valley in northern Utah and the seat of Utah State University. Its population is 39,276.
Education
The early Mormon settlers of Utah gave high priority to the development of education. The first school in the region was established at Salt Lake City in 1847, only three months after the arrival of the first settlers. Provisions for the establishment of schools in Mormon settlements were enacted by the legislature three years later. Settlers who opposed the Mormon domination of the public school system established a large number of private schools, the first of which was an Episcopal school founded in 1867 at Salt Lake City. The Mormons also established a private school system. In 1878 the Utah legislature established a permanent school fund supported by taxes and in 1884 provided for the establishment of high schools. The number of private schools gradually declined after 1890, when a territorial system of tax-supported schools was established. Private schools enroll only 2 percent of the state's children, a rate lower than much of the nation. Education in Utah is compulsory for children from the ages of 6 to 18. Utah is among the national leaders in the proportion of its population that has completed high school—89.3 in 1998, compared to a national average of 82.8 percent. In the 1994-1995 school year Utah spent $3,656 on each student's education, compared to a national average of $5,988. There were 23.8 students for every teacher (the national norm was 17.3 students).
Higher Education
The first institution of higher education in Utah was the University of Deseret (now the University of Utah, a public school), established at Salt Lake City in 1850. Brigham Young Academy (now Brigham Young University, a private school), in Provo, was established in 1875. Other Utah schools include Westminster College of Salt Lake City (1875); Weber State University (1889), at Ogden; Utah State University (1888), in Logan; Southern Utah University (1897), in Cedar City; Utah Technical College at Salt Lake City (1948); and Utah Technical College at Provo (1941). In 1996 Utah had 10 public and 7 private institutions of higher learning.
Recreation and Places of Interest
Utah's great variety of beautiful scenery is one of the state's outstanding tourist attractions. Rugged areas of colorful mesas, cliffs, and mountain peaks provide tourists and residents with excellent opportunities for hiking, camping, and riding. In the Wasatch Range and Uinta Mountains are many winter sports areas. A favorite activity for the more adventurous is boating on the Colorado and Green rivers.
Annual Events
Pioneer Day, July 24, commemorates the first permanent settlement of Utah on July 24, 1847, by Brigham Young and his Mormon pioneers. Each year the week of July 24 is set aside for Pioneer Days celebrations. Many communities celebrate the week with rodeos, pageants, parades, and other events. Among the largest celebrations are Days of '47 at Salt Lake City and Pioneer Days at Ogden. The Paiute Pow Wow is held in the second week of June. The annual Arts Festival is held in Tooele, also in June, attracting artists and craftspeople from around the West. The Mormon Miracle Pageant, at Manti, is held in July. The Western Stampede, one of the West's liveliest rodeos, is held in West Jordan in early July. Also held in July is the Festival of the American West at Logan. Each summer, a Shakespearean festival is held at Southern Utah State College. The Utah State Fair is held each September at Salt Lake City. America's Opening, held each November in Park City, features ski racing and exhibitions.
Government
Utah's constitution became effective in 1896, at the time of statehood. Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by two-thirds of the membership of each house or by a constitutional convention. To be adopted, proposed amendments must be approved by a majority of the voters in a general election. The governor, the state's chief executive officer, is elected for a four-year term. The governor is responsible for the preparation of the state budget and for appointing some of the state's major administrative officials, although such appointments are generally subject to confirmation by the state senate. The governor also must approve various major appointments made by departmental directors, boards, or commissions. The governor may veto legislation or individual items of appropriations measures passed by the state legislature. The legislature can override a veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses. Other elected officials in the executive branch of the state government are the lieutenant governor, attorney general, treasurer, and auditor. All are elected for four-year terms. In 1999 Michael Leavitt, a Republican, was governor. The state legislature of Utah consists of a 29-member Senate and a 75-member House of Representatives. Senators are elected for four-year terms and representatives for two-year terms. Regular sessions of the legislature are convened on the second Monday in January and are limited to 45 calendar days. The governor may call special sessions. The judicial power of the state is vested in a state supreme court, which consists of five justices elected on nonpartisan ballots for ten-year terms. The chief justice of the supreme court is the justice with the shortest remaining time to serve. The major trial courts in Utah are the district courts, the judges of which are elected on nonpartisan ballots for six-year terms. Courts of lesser jurisdiction include municipal courts, justice-of-the-peace courts, circuit courts, and juvenile courts. Utah has 29 counties, each of which is governed by a three-member board of elected county commissioners. Other elected county officials include the sheriff, assessor, recorder, treasurer, clerk, attorney, and auditor. There are about 230 incorporated cities and towns in Utah. Most of the cities are governed under the mayor and council or council and manager form of municipal government. Most towns are administered by a town board. Utah elects two U.S. senators and three members of the U.S. House of Representatives. The state casts five electoral votes.
Recent Developments
Since World War II ended, Utah's population has grown rapidly. Utah's growth during the 1960s was the result of natural increase, but in the 1970s and 1980s the population grew as people from other parts of the United States migrated to Utah. The immediate postwar period saw an influx of European Mormons, many from war-devastated Germany; during the 1980s and 1990s, the largest immigrant groups have come from the Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia, and Mexico. Mormons still comprise 72 percent of the state's population, but Utah's ethnic and religious diversity has grown. Utah's postwar growth was the result of the expansion of defense manufacturing, particularly of guided missiles, and of defense installations such as Hill Air Force Base, the Ogden Defense Depot and the Tooele Army Depot. Utah's copper-mining industry continued to employ a large number of workers, and an oil boom during the 1950s also helped the state's economy. Utah's economy became much more diverse in the 1980s. There were many reasons: greater automation in the mining industry; a decline in the defense industry with the end of the Cold War; the expansion of government; continued growth in higher education; the arrival of computer industries; and an increase in tourism. The construction of Flaming Gorge Dam on the Green River and Glen Canyon Dam, which formed Lake Powell on the Colorado River, created two major recreation areas and provided more jobs. Both dams were started in 1956 and completed in 1963. Most of the postwar industrial expansion occurred along the Wasatch Front. The suburbs of Salt Lake City, Ogden, and Provo expanded rapidly, transforming once-rural Mormon towns into communities for those who worked in metropolitan centers. In 1980 West Valley City was formed from three suburban areas and immediately became Utah's second largest city. Salt Lake City underwent extensive rebuilding, including the construction of the Salt Palace, and the Mormon Church Office Building, among many others. Other parts of the state also grew quickly, notably Saint George, which attracted many people who had retired, and Moab, which became a favorite of mountain bikers and tourists. In the 1970s Arab oil-producing countries cut back oil production and stopped oil shipments to the United States, dramatically increasing the price of oil and gasoline. This so-called energy crisis greatly aided the oil fields of the Uintah Basin and the coal fields of Carbon and Emery counties, where the production of coal reached an all-time high. The national economic recession of the early 1980s profoundly affected Utah. Thousands of mining, manufacturing, and home construction jobs were lost, and by late summer of 1982 the state's unemployment rate had reached its highest level since 1941. In addition, copper production dropped because of low world copper prices. A slow economic recovery began in 1984, but the mining industry remained depressed and many mines, including Utah's largest copper mine remained closed for up to two years. The mining industry began to recover in 1987, when world copper prices finally increased. The large Geneva Steel Plant closed early in 1987 but reopened later that year under new ownership. In the 1980s high-tech businesses, such as WordPerfect, Novell, and Unisys made Utah an important center in the computer industry. These businesses continue to employ thousands of Utah workers. Utah's role in the computer industry became even larger when in 1995 the Micron Company announced plans to construct a huge facility at Lehi. Engineering, architectural, surveying, legal, and financial services employed many more people. In addition, Utah businesses, such as Huntsman Chemical Corporation and Nu Skin International, employed many other Utahns. Utah's dramatic growth has created problems. Drug trafficking, gang violence, and crime have increased within the state. In addition, Utah's extraordinarily high school-age population, nearly 27 percent of the total population, has created such a demand for public education that Utah is both among the nation's leaders in the percentage of state funds spent on education and among the poorest in expenditures per student. Nevertheless, Utah ranks highly among the states in graduation rate and standardized test scores, evidence that educators and politicians use to demonstrate Utah's outstanding public school system in spite of the limited funding. Utah's higher education system suffers from the same problem. During the 1980s and 1990s Utah's community college system has greatly expanded, especially with the establishment of Salt Lake Community College and Utah Valley Community College in 1987. Two colleges, Weber State and Southern Utah, were granted university status in 1992. Extensive building programs on all campuses have required a large amount of public money. Large public expenditures for higher education have failed to prevent substantial tuition increases over the last 17 years, making Utah's public higher-education costs among the highest in the region. Politically, Utah remains a conservative state. Since the mid-1970s Republicans dominated Utah politics at the state and national level. Recent social and cultural issues centered on moral issues, such as decency on cable television channels, laws governing abortion, and religious influence in secular matters. Utah has had problems with some civil rights issues. The state has a small nonwhite population, and full civil and social rights were often denied to minority groups in Utah. These groups have made progress more recently, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. For example, Utah's two largest native peoples, the Ute and Navajo, have used the courts to recover lost rights and land. In some areas Native Americans have organized politically to secure a larger voice in local and state affairs. Blacks have also battled prejudice. In 1978 the Mormon church eliminated one source of tension by allowing blacks to be ordained for the priesthood for the first time. The July 1992 execution of William Andrews, a black who had participated in the killing of three people in 1974, increased racial tension for some time.. Environmental issues have also become very controversial during the 1980s and 1990s, particularly the issue of land that was set aside to become wilderness areas, and to a lesser extent the expansion and designation of national parks. A "Cowboy Caucus" made up of conservative legislators and descendants of the Sagebrush Rebellion, a movement in the late 1970s to reassert state control over national public lands, has pushed what they consider the agenda of rural Utah. They see initiatives by environmental groups, the Bureau of Land Management, and the National Park Service as belated efforts by outsiders to interfere with traditional lifestyles and economic activities such as livestock grazing. The designation of a large area of southern Utah as Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in 1996 was opposed by many rural Utahns. Other environmental issues have caused debate but have gained more acceptance in the state. Most Utahns support the Central Utah Project, which is designed to divert water from the Colorado Basin to the Wasatch Front, but some people outside the state have criticized the project, calling it too expensive. Another controversy has arisen over the environmental safety of the chemical weapons incinerator that is operated by the United States military near Tooele, southwest of Salt Lake City. The incinerator is the first in the continental United States to burn chemical weapons under the international Chemical Weapons Convention. Utah also faces a transportation problem that has environmental consequences. The tremendous urban population growth strained the Wasatch Front's aging interstate highway system and lowered its air quality. Heavy traffic in the narrow canyons leading to Utah's ski resorts and in areas such as Zion National Park threaten the quality of recreation there. Public support for an efficient transportation system increased after the 2002 Winter Olympic Games were awarded to Salt Lake City in 1995. The federal government joined with the state government and other donors to fund light rail construction, highway expansion, and other transportation improvements before the Olympic Games are held. The Salt Lake International Airport, which significantly expanded during the 1990s, plans further development before the Olympics, including a light rail connection to other parts of Salt Lake City. The Olympic Games promise other economic benefits for the state, but a scandal over possible bribes paid by members of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee to obtain the games has tarnished the city's efforts. Charges that Salt Lake organizers provided cash, gifts, and favors to members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and their families during and after the selection process led to new ethics regulations and a complete reorganization of the Salt Lake committee. The IOC has undergone a similar shakeup as members were expelled or resigned because of involvement in the bribery scandal.
"Utah," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Moving to/arizona alabama arkansas california colorado connecticut delaware district of columbia florida georgia idaho illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana maine maryland massachusetts michigan minnesota mississippi missouri montana nebraska nevada new hampshire new jersey new mexico new york north carolina north dakota ohio oklahoma oregon pennsylvania Rhode Island South carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming.